Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. More at Wikipedia
Specific language impairment - Specific language impairment is a developmental language disorder that can affect both expressive and receptive language.
Semantic pragmatic disorder - Pragmatic language impairment is an impairment in understanding pragmatic areas of language.
Aphasia - Aphasia is an acquired language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality.
Auditory Processing Disorder - Auditory Processing Disorder is an umbrella term for a variety of disorders that affect the way the brain processes auditory information.
Dyslexia - Dyslexia is a learning disorder that manifests itself as a difficulty with reading, spelling and in some cases mathematics.