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Accelerated curing
Accelerated curing is any method by which high early age strength is achieved in concrete.
Accelerated curing is any method by which high early age strength is achieved in concrete.
AFm phase
An AFm phase is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosulfate" phase.
An AFm phase is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosulfate" phase.
Afwillite
Afwillite is a calcium hydroxide nesosilicate mineral with formula Ca3(SiO3OH)2.2H2O. It occurs as glassy, colorless to white prismatic monoclinic crystals.
Afwillite is a calcium hydroxide nesosilicate mineral with formula Ca3(SiO3OH)2.2H2O. It occurs as glassy, colorless to white prismatic monoclinic crystals.
Aggregate (composite)
Aggregate is the "but is similar to butsex", -Thomas Jefferson component of a composite material that resists compressive stress and provides bulk to the composite material.
Aggregate is the "but is similar to butsex", -Thomas Jefferson component of a composite material that resists compressive stress and provides bulk to the composite material.
Air entrainment
Air entrainment is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete.
Air entrainment is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete.
Alkali Silica Reaction
The Alkali-Silica Reaction is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and reactive non-crystalline silica, which is found in many common aggregates.
The Alkali-Silica Reaction is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and reactive non-crystalline silica, which is found in many common aggregates.
Alkali-carbonate reaction
The alkali-carbonate reaction is a process suspected for the degradation of concrete containing dolomite aggregate.
The alkali-carbonate reaction is a process suspected for the degradation of concrete containing dolomite aggregate.
Alkali-silica reaction
The Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica, which is found in many...
The Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica, which is found in many...
AltusGroup
AltusGroup, Inc. is a national partnership of 13 precast concrete companies and seven industry suppliers founded in July 2003 to develop, manufacture and market precast concrete innovations thro...
AltusGroup, Inc. is a national partnership of 13 precast concrete companies and seven industry suppliers founded in July 2003 to develop, manufacture and market precast concrete innovations thro...
Asphalt concrete
Asphalt concrete is a composite material commonly used in construction projects such as road surfaces, airports and parking lots.
Asphalt concrete is a composite material commonly used in construction projects such as road surfaces, airports and parking lots.
Autoclaved aerated concrete
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC) or autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), was invented in the mid-1920s by the Swedish architect a...
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC) or autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), was invented in the mid-1920s by the Swedish architect a...
Barrier cable
Barrier cable is a vehicular and/or pedestrian restraint system used in parking garages.
Barrier cable is a vehicular and/or pedestrian restraint system used in parking garages.
Biogenic sulfide corrosion
Biogenic Sulfide Corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater envi...
Biogenic Sulfide Corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater envi...
Biorock
Biorock, also known as Seacrete, is a substance formed by electro-accumulation of minerals dissolved in seawater.
Biorock, also known as Seacrete, is a substance formed by electro-accumulation of minerals dissolved in seawater.
Bomanite
Bomanite is a private company formerly headquartered in Madera, California, founded in 1970 by Brad Bowman, the creator of the Bomanite process for coloring and imprinting decorative concrete p...
Bomanite is a private company formerly headquartered in Madera, California, founded in 1970 by Brad Bowman, the creator of the Bomanite process for coloring and imprinting decorative concrete p...
Bughole-induced outgassing
Bughole-Induced Outgassing is a phenomenon occurring when applying a protective coating (or lining) to concrete (predominantly vertically cast-in-place) where air becomes entrapped within bughol...
Bughole-Induced Outgassing is a phenomenon occurring when applying a protective coating (or lining) to concrete (predominantly vertically cast-in-place) where air becomes entrapped within bughol...
Béton brut
Béton brut (, raw concrete) is architectural concrete left unfinished or roughly-finished after pouring and left exposed visually.
Béton brut (, raw concrete) is architectural concrete left unfinished or roughly-finished after pouring and left exposed visually.
Calcium silicate hydrate
Calcium Silicate Hydrate is the main product of the hydration of Portland cement and is primarily responsible for the strength in cement based materials.
Calcium Silicate Hydrate is the main product of the hydration of Portland cement and is primarily responsible for the strength in cement based materials.
Carbon grid
Carbon Grid FRP Structures for use in reinforcing concrete Technology: Carbon fiber FRP Grids are structural reinforcement materials that improve the performance of concrete structures suc...
Carbon Grid FRP Structures for use in reinforcing concrete Technology: Carbon fiber FRP Grids are structural reinforcement materials that improve the performance of concrete structures suc...
Cast stone
Cast stone is defined as “a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications”.
Cast stone is defined as “a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications”.
Cement
In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together.
In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together.
Cement accelerator
Cement Accelerator is an admixture for the use in concrete, mortar, rendering or screeds.
Cement Accelerator is an admixture for the use in concrete, mortar, rendering or screeds.
Cement chemist notation
Cement chemist notation (CCN) was developed to simplify the formulas cement chemists use on a daily basis.
Cement chemist notation (CCN) was developed to simplify the formulas cement chemists use on a daily basis.
Cement kiln
Cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of Portland and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonate reacts with silica-bearing minerals to form a mixtur...
Cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of Portland and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonate reacts with silica-bearing minerals to form a mixtur...
Climbing formwork
Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process.
Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process.
Clinker (cement)
In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by sintering limestone and alumino-silicate during the cement kiln stage.
In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by sintering limestone and alumino-silicate during the cement kiln stage.
Conco
Conco Companies is an American company based in Springfield, Missouri.
Conco Companies is an American company based in Springfield, Missouri.
Concrete
Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water.
Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water.
Concrete canoe
A concrete canoe is a canoe made of concrete, typically created for an engineering competition.
A concrete canoe is a canoe made of concrete, typically created for an engineering competition.
Concrete cover
Concrete cover in reinforced concrete, the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete.
Concrete cover in reinforced concrete, the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete.
Concrete degradation
Concrete degradation may have various causes.
Concrete degradation may have various causes.
Concrete densifier
A concrete densifier is a chemical applied to a concrete surface in order to fill pores, increasing surface density.
A concrete densifier is a chemical applied to a concrete surface in order to fill pores, increasing surface density.
Concrete landscape curbing
Concrete landscape curbing (or concrete landscape bordering) is an alternative to plastic or metal landscape edging made with concrete.
Concrete landscape curbing (or concrete landscape bordering) is an alternative to plastic or metal landscape edging made with concrete.
Concrete leveling
In civil engineering, concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon.
In civil engineering, concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon.
Concrete mixer
A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.
A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.
Concrete moisture meter
A concrete moisture meter is a type of moisture meter used by installers of flooring to measure the moisture levels of concrete.
A concrete moisture meter is a type of moisture meter used by installers of flooring to measure the moisture levels of concrete.
Concrete plant
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that combines various ingredients to form concrete.
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that combines various ingredients to form concrete.
Concrete recycling
When structures made of concrete are demolished or renovated, concrete recycling is an increasingly common method of utilizing the rubble.
When structures made of concrete are demolished or renovated, concrete recycling is an increasingly common method of utilizing the rubble.
Concrete shell
A concrete shell, also commonly called thin shell concrete structure, is a structure composed of a relatively thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses.
A concrete shell, also commonly called thin shell concrete structure, is a structure composed of a relatively thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses.
Concrete ship
Concrete ships are ships built of steel and ferrocement instead of more traditional materials, such as steel or wood.
Concrete ships are ships built of steel and ferrocement instead of more traditional materials, such as steel or wood.
Concrete slump test
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete.
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete.
Concrete step barrier
A concrete step barrier is a safety barrier used on the central reservation of motorways and dual carriageways as an alternative to the standard steel crash barrier.
A concrete step barrier is a safety barrier used on the central reservation of motorways and dual carriageways as an alternative to the standard steel crash barrier.
Construction aggregate
Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo...
Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo...
Continuous flight augering
Continuous flight augering (CFA) is a technique used in construction to create concrete piles.
Continuous flight augering (CFA) is a technique used in construction to create concrete piles.
Continuous pour concrete
Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggre...
Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggre...
Cover meter
A cover meter is an instrument to locate rebars and measure the exact concrete cover.
A cover meter is an instrument to locate rebars and measure the exact concrete cover.
Decorative concrete
Decorative concrete is the use of concrete as not simply a utilitarian medium for construction but as an aesthetic enhancement to a structure, while still serving its function as an integral par...
Decorative concrete is the use of concrete as not simply a utilitarian medium for construction but as an aesthetic enhancement to a structure, while still serving its function as an integral par...
Diamond grinding of pavement
Diamond grinding is a pavement preservation technique that corrects a variety of surface imperfections on both concrete and asphalt pavements.
Diamond grinding is a pavement preservation technique that corrects a variety of surface imperfections on both concrete and asphalt pavements.
Ducrete
Ducrete is a type of concrete alternative investigated for use for construction of casks for storage of radioactive waste.
Ducrete is a type of concrete alternative investigated for use for construction of casks for storage of radioactive waste.
Ductal
Ductal is a proprietary pre-mixed ultra-high performance concrete whose physical characteristics exceed those of common concrete used in the construction of buildings.
Ductal is a proprietary pre-mixed ultra-high performance concrete whose physical characteristics exceed those of common concrete used in the construction of buildings.
Dyecrete
The Dyecrete Process is a method of adding dye to permanently color concrete.
The Dyecrete Process is a method of adding dye to permanently color concrete.
Electrical resistivity measurement of concrete
The 4 point electrical resistivity measurement device (wenner array probe) is used to measure the electrical resistivity of concrete for analyzing the corrosion potential and offers an indicatio...
The 4 point electrical resistivity measurement device (wenner array probe) is used to measure the electrical resistivity of concrete for analyzing the corrosion potential and offers an indicatio...
Engineered cementitious composite
Engineered Cementitious Composite, also called bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers.
Engineered Cementitious Composite, also called bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers.
Environmental impact of concrete
The environmental impact of concrete is a complex mixture of not entirely negative effects.
The environmental impact of concrete is a complex mixture of not entirely negative effects.
Ettringite
Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O. It is a colorless to yellow mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system.
Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O. It is a colorless to yellow mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system.
Expanded polystyrene concrete
Expanded PolystyreneConcrete is a form of concrete known for is lighter weight.
Expanded PolystyreneConcrete is a form of concrete known for is lighter weight.
Faux bois
Faux bois refers to the artistic imitation of wood or wood grains in various media.
Faux bois refers to the artistic imitation of wood or wood grains in various media.
Ferrocement
The term ferrocement is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small-diameter steel rods rebar.
The term ferrocement is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small-diameter steel rods rebar.
Fiber-reinforced concrete
Fiber-reinforced concrete is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
Fiber-reinforced concrete is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
Fibre cement
Fibre cement is often applied in building and construction materials, mainly in roofing and facade products because of its strength and durability.
Fibre cement is often applied in building and construction materials, mainly in roofing and facade products because of its strength and durability.
Fibre-reinforced concrete
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
Filigree concrete
The Filigree Wideslab method is a process for construction of concrete floor decks from two interconnected concrete placements, one precast in a factory, and the other done in the field.
The Filigree Wideslab method is a process for construction of concrete floor decks from two interconnected concrete placements, one precast in a factory, and the other done in the field.
Firth Concrete
Firth Concrete (legal title: Firth Industries) is New Zealand’s largest and only national concrete company.
Firth Concrete (legal title: Firth Industries) is New Zealand’s largest and only national concrete company.
Flow table test
The flow table test or flow test is a method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete.
The flow table test or flow test is a method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete.
Fly ash
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases.
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases.
Foam Index
Foam Index test is a rapid method to determine the relative levels of Air Entraining Agent (AEA) needed during concrete mixing, with or without mineral additives like combustion fly ash, that co...
Foam Index test is a rapid method to determine the relative levels of Air Entraining Agent (AEA) needed during concrete mixing, with or without mineral additives like combustion fly ash, that co...
Fondu fyre
Fondu Fyre, sometimes called Fondue Fyre, is a concrete developed for specialist application.
Fondu Fyre, sometimes called Fondue Fyre, is a concrete developed for specialist application.
Formwork
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are poured.
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are poured.
Friedel's salt
Friedel's salt is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides.
Friedel's salt is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides.
Geopolymer cement
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a number of areas, essentially as a replacement for Portland cement and for advanced high-tech ...
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a number of areas, essentially as a replacement for Portland cement and for advanced high-tech ...
Geopolymer concrete
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a number of areas, essentially as a replacement for Portland cement and for advanced high-tech ...
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a number of areas, essentially as a replacement for Portland cement and for advanced high-tech ...
Geopolymers
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a number of areas, essentially as a replacement for Portland cement and for advanced high-tech ...
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a number of areas, essentially as a replacement for Portland cement and for advanced high-tech ...
Glass fiber reinforced concrete
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a type of fiber reinforced concrete.
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a type of fiber reinforced concrete.
Granolithic
Granolithic is a concrete product, composed of cement and fine aggregate mortar, the aggregate being granite chippings, which will give the hard wearing surface finish.
Granolithic is a concrete product, composed of cement and fine aggregate mortar, the aggregate being granite chippings, which will give the hard wearing surface finish.
Great Northern Concrete Toboggan Race
The Great Northern Concrete Toboggan Race is an annual event that challenges the creativity of engineering students.
The Great Northern Concrete Toboggan Race is an annual event that challenges the creativity of engineering students.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to prod...
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to prod...
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a ...
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a ...
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a ...
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a ...
Grout
Grout is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints (like those between tiles).
Grout is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints (like those between tiles).
Grouting
Grout is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints (like those between tiles).
Grout is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints (like those between tiles).
Gunite
Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique.
Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique.
Gypsum concrete
Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlayment used in wood-frame and concrete construction for fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling.
Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlayment used in wood-frame and concrete construction for fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling.
Hempcrete
Hempcrete is a mixture of hemp hurds and lime used as a material for construction and insulation.
Hempcrete is a mixture of hemp hurds and lime used as a material for construction and insulation.
High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites
High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) are a group of fiber-reinforced cement-based composites which possess the unique ability to flex and self-strengthen before fr...
High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) are a group of fiber-reinforced cement-based composites which possess the unique ability to flex and self-strengthen before fr...
Hollow-core slab
A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab or hollow core plank is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment b...
A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab or hollow core plank is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment b...
Hydrodemolition
Hydrodemolition (also known as hydro demolition, hydroblasting, hydro blasting, hydromilling, waterblasting, and waterjetting) is a concrete removal technique which utilizes high-pressure water ...
Hydrodemolition (also known as hydro demolition, hydroblasting, hydro blasting, hydromilling, waterblasting, and waterjetting) is a concrete removal technique which utilizes high-pressure water ...
Hydrophobic concrete
Hydrophobic concrete is concrete in which water is repelled by making the concrete hydrophobic.
Hydrophobic concrete is concrete in which water is repelled by making the concrete hydrophobic.
Hypertufa
Hypertufa is an anthropic rock made from various aggregates bonded together using Portland cement.
Hypertufa is an anthropic rock made from various aggregates bonded together using Portland cement.
Incinerator bottom ash
Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) is a form of ash produced in incineration facilities.
Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) is a form of ash produced in incineration facilities.
Industrial coating
An industrial coating is a paint or coating defined by its protective, rather than its aesthetic properties, although it can provide both.
An industrial coating is a paint or coating defined by its protective, rather than its aesthetic properties, although it can provide both.
Integrated Framing Assemblies
Integrated Framing Assemblies is Integrated Framing Assemblies (IFAs) are a specialty product in insulating concrete form(ICF) construction, and are also referred to as CMFs (Custom Metal ICF Fr...
Integrated Framing Assemblies is Integrated Framing Assemblies (IFAs) are a specialty product in insulating concrete form(ICF) construction, and are also referred to as CMFs (Custom Metal ICF Fr...
Integrated framing assembly
An integrated framing assembly is a specialty product in insulating concrete form construction, and are also referred to as a CMF.
An integrated framing assembly is a specialty product in insulating concrete form construction, and are also referred to as a CMF.
Johnson bar
A Johnson bar is a type of corrugated high-carbon steel bar used to reinforce concrete.
A Johnson bar is a type of corrugated high-carbon steel bar used to reinforce concrete.
Kieselkalk
Kieselkalk is also known as the Helvetic Siliceous Limestone.
Kieselkalk is also known as the Helvetic Siliceous Limestone.
Klein's Compound
Ye'elimite is the naturally occurring form of calcium sulfoaluminate, Ca4(AlO2)6SO4.
Ye'elimite is the naturally occurring form of calcium sulfoaluminate, Ca4(AlO2)6SO4.
Lift slab construction
Lift slab construction is a method of constructing concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof slab on top of the previous slab and then raising (jacking) the slab up with hydraulic jacks, s...
Lift slab construction is a method of constructing concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof slab on top of the previous slab and then raising (jacking) the slab up with hydraulic jacks, s...
Loss on ignition
Loss on Ignition is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry, particularly in the analysis of minerals.
Loss on Ignition is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry, particularly in the analysis of minerals.
Lunar regolith simulant
A Lunar regolith simulant is a terrestrial material synthesized in order to approximate the chemical, mechanical, and engineering properties of, and the mineralogy and particle size distribution...
A Lunar regolith simulant is a terrestrial material synthesized in order to approximate the chemical, mechanical, and engineering properties of, and the mineralogy and particle size distribution...
Lunarcrete
Lunarcrete, also known as "Mooncrete", an idea first proposed by Larry A. Beyer of the University of Pittsburgh in 1985 (see further reading), is a hypothetical aggregate building material...
Lunarcrete, also known as "Mooncrete", an idea first proposed by Larry A. Beyer of the University of Pittsburgh in 1985 (see further reading), is a hypothetical aggregate building material...
Magnesian attack
Brucite is the mineral form of magnesium hydroxide, with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.
Brucite is the mineral form of magnesium hydroxide, with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.
Mayenite
Mayenite (after Mayen, Germany), Ca12Al14O33, is a rare calcium aluminium oxide mineral of cubic symmetry.
Mayenite (after Mayen, Germany), Ca12Al14O33, is a rare calcium aluminium oxide mineral of cubic symmetry.
Metakaolin
Metakaolin is a dehydroxylated form of the clay mineral kaolinite.
Metakaolin is a dehydroxylated form of the clay mineral kaolinite.
Mineral hydration
Mineral hydration is an inorganic chemical reaction where water adds to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, usually called a hydrate.
Mineral hydration is an inorganic chemical reaction where water adds to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, usually called a hydrate.
Mortar (masonry)
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them.
Mudcrete
Mudcrete is a structural material made of mixing mud with sand and concrete/cement.
Mudcrete is a structural material made of mixing mud with sand and concrete/cement.
Noxer block
Noxer blocks are blocks of cement mortar with a 5-7mm thick surface layer of Titanium(IV)oxide (titanium dioxide), which is a heterogeneous catalyst, on it.
Noxer blocks are blocks of cement mortar with a 5-7mm thick surface layer of Titanium(IV)oxide (titanium dioxide), which is a heterogeneous catalyst, on it.
Opus africanum
Opus africanum is a form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture, characterized by pillars of vertical blocks alternating with horizontal blocks, filled in with sma...
Opus africanum is a form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture, characterized by pillars of vertical blocks alternating with horizontal blocks, filled in with sma...
Opus incertum
Opus incertum was an ancient Roman construction technique, using irregular shaped and random placed uncut stones or fist-sized tuff blocks inserted in a core of Opus caementicium.
Opus incertum was an ancient Roman construction technique, using irregular shaped and random placed uncut stones or fist-sized tuff blocks inserted in a core of Opus caementicium.
Opus latericium
Opus latericium (Latin for "brick work") is an ancient Roman form of construction in which coarse-laid brickwork is used to face a core of opus caementicium.
Opus latericium (Latin for "brick work") is an ancient Roman form of construction in which coarse-laid brickwork is used to face a core of opus caementicium.
Opus mixtum
Opus mixtum (Latin: "mixed work"), or Opus vagecum and Opus compositum, was an ancient Roman construction technique.
Opus mixtum (Latin: "mixed work"), or Opus vagecum and Opus compositum, was an ancient Roman construction technique.
Opus quadratum
Opus quadratum is an ancient Roman construction technique, in which squared blocks of stone of the same height were set in parallel courses, often without the use of mortar.
Opus quadratum is an ancient Roman construction technique, in which squared blocks of stone of the same height were set in parallel courses, often without the use of mortar.
Opus reticulatum
Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture.
Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture.
Opus vittatum
Opus vittatum was a ancient Roman construction technique, sometimes square with tuff blocks intersected by one or more brick-bands at regular or irregular distances, and Opus caementicium.
Opus vittatum was a ancient Roman construction technique, sometimes square with tuff blocks intersected by one or more brick-bands at regular or irregular distances, and Opus caementicium.
Papercrete
Papercrete is a recently developed construction material which consists of re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement or clay and/or other soil added.
Papercrete is a recently developed construction material which consists of re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement or clay and/or other soil added.
Parge coat
Parge coat: A thin coat of a cementitious or polymeric mortar applied to concrete for refinement of the surface.
Parge coat: A thin coat of a cementitious or polymeric mortar applied to concrete for refinement of the surface.
Peco (unit)
peco is the unit of measurement of the dielectric properties of concrete and other hydrating materials.
peco is the unit of measurement of the dielectric properties of concrete and other hydrating materials.
Pervious concrete
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, ther...
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, ther...
Plasticizer
Plasticizers (UK = plasticisers) or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of a material.
Plasticizers (UK = plasticisers) or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of a material.
Polished concrete
Polished concrete is concrete that has been treated with a chemical densifier and ground with progressively finer grinding tools.
Polished concrete is concrete that has been treated with a chemical densifier and ground with progressively finer grinding tools.
Polymer concrete
Polymer concrete is part of group of concretes that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder.
Polymer concrete is part of group of concretes that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder.
Pondcrete
Pondcrete is a mixture of cement and sludge.
Pondcrete is a mixture of cement and sludge.
Portland cement
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world because it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout.
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world because it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout.
Power concrete screed
Power concrete screeds can be used in place of a man powered screed bar to strike off excess concrete.
Power concrete screeds can be used in place of a man powered screed bar to strike off excess concrete.
Power trowel
A power trowel (also known as a "power float", "helicopter" or "trowel machine") is a piece of light construction equipment used by construction companies and contractors, to apply a smooth fini...
A power trowel (also known as a "power float", "helicopter" or "trowel machine") is a piece of light construction equipment used by construction companies and contractors, to apply a smooth fini...
Pozzolan
A pozzolan is a material which, when combined with calcium hydroxide, exhibits cementitious properties.
A pozzolan is a material which, when combined with calcium hydroxide, exhibits cementitious properties.
Pozzolana
Pozzolana, also known as pozzolanic ash (pulvis puteolanus in Latin), is a fine, sandy volcanic ash.
Pozzolana, also known as pozzolanic ash (pulvis puteolanus in Latin), is a fine, sandy volcanic ash.
Pozzolanic reaction
The Pozzolanic reaction is the chemical reaction that occurs in hydraulic cement, a mixture of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) with amorphous siliceous materials (namely, pozzolan or pozzolana, ...
The Pozzolanic reaction is the chemical reaction that occurs in hydraulic cement, a mixture of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) with amorphous siliceous materials (namely, pozzolan or pozzolana, ...
Precast concrete
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lif...
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lif...
Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete is a method not for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension.
Prestressed concrete is a method not for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension.
Pull off test
The pull-off test is a near-to-surface method in which a circular steel disc is glued to the surface of the concrete with an epoxy or polyester resin.
The pull-off test is a near-to-surface method in which a circular steel disc is glued to the surface of the concrete with an epoxy or polyester resin.
Pulverised fly ash
Pulverised fuel ash (shortened to PFA), is a by product of pulverised fuel (typically coal) fired power stations.
Pulverised fuel ash (shortened to PFA), is a by product of pulverised fuel (typically coal) fired power stations.
Pulverised fuel ash
Pulverised fuel ash (shortened to PFA), is a by product of pulverised fuel (typically coal) fired power stations.
Pulverised fuel ash (shortened to PFA), is a by product of pulverised fuel (typically coal) fired power stations.
Pykrete
Pykrete is a composite material made of approximately 14 percent sawdust or some other form of wood pulp (such as paper) and 86 percent ice by weight.
Pykrete is a composite material made of approximately 14 percent sawdust or some other form of wood pulp (such as paper) and 86 percent ice by weight.
Ready-mix concrete
Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixers.
Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixers.
Rebar
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, rerod, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as ...
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, rerod, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as ...
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete is concrete in which the undesirably low tensile strength and elasticity of the concrete component are averted by including reinforcing structures of high tensile strength in...
Reinforced concrete is concrete in which the undesirably low tensile strength and elasticity of the concrete component are averted by including reinforcing structures of high tensile strength in...
Reinforced solid
In solid mechanics, a reinforced solid is a brittle material that is reinforced by ductile bars or fibres.
In solid mechanics, a reinforced solid is a brittle material that is reinforced by ductile bars or fibres.
Reinforced Solids
In solid mechanics, reinforced solids are brittle materials that are reinforced by ductile bars or fibres.
In solid mechanics, reinforced solids are brittle materials that are reinforced by ductile bars or fibres.
Reinforcement bar
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning ...
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning ...
Reinforcing bar
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning ...
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning ...
Reinforcing steel
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning ...
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning ...
Reversing drum mixer
A reversing drum mixer (also commonly called a non-tilting mixer) is a type of concrete mixer that produces concrete in single batches.
A reversing drum mixer (also commonly called a non-tilting mixer) is a type of concrete mixer that produces concrete in single batches.
Rice hulls
Rice hulls are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice.
Rice hulls are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice.
Roller-compacted concrete
Roller-compacted concrete or rolled concrete is a special blend of concrete that has essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly wit...
Roller-compacted concrete or rolled concrete is a special blend of concrete that has essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly wit...
Roman Architectural Revolution
The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the dance dance Revolution, is a term used to describe the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectura...
The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the dance dance Revolution, is a term used to describe the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectura...
Roman concrete
Roman concrete (also called Opus caementicium) was a material used in construction during the late Roman Republic through the whole history of the Roman Empire.
Roman concrete (also called Opus caementicium) was a material used in construction during the late Roman Republic through the whole history of the Roman Empire.
Salt-concrete
Salt-concrete (or salzbeton) is a construction material that is used to reduce the water inflow in mining shafts in salt mines.
Salt-concrete (or salzbeton) is a construction material that is used to reduce the water inflow in mining shafts in salt mines.
Saltcrete
Saltcrete is a mixture of cement with salts and brine, usually originating from liquid waste treatment plants.
Saltcrete is a mixture of cement with salts and brine, usually originating from liquid waste treatment plants.
Sandjacking
SandjackingTM started on August 22 1993.
SandjackingTM started on August 22 1993.
Saturated-surface-dry
Saturated surface dry is defined as the condition of an aggregate where the surfaces of the particles are "saturated", but the inter-particle voids are otherwise dry.
Saturated surface dry is defined as the condition of an aggregate where the surfaces of the particles are "saturated", but the inter-particle voids are otherwise dry.
Schmidt hammer
A Schmidt hammer, also known as a Swiss hammer or a rebound hammer, is a device to measure the elastic properties or strength of concrete or rock, mainly surface hardness and penetration r...
A Schmidt hammer, also known as a Swiss hammer or a rebound hammer, is a device to measure the elastic properties or strength of concrete or rock, mainly surface hardness and penetration r...
Schwerbelastungskörper
The Schwerbelastungskörper (German: "heavy loading body") is a large concrete cylinder in Berlin, Germany.
The Schwerbelastungskörper (German: "heavy loading body") is a large concrete cylinder in Berlin, Germany.
Sclerometer
The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials.
The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials.
Screed
In the US screed is a flat board, or a purpose made aluminium tool, used to smooth concrete after it has been placed on a surface.
In the US screed is a flat board, or a purpose made aluminium tool, used to smooth concrete after it has been placed on a surface.
Segregation in concrete
Segregation in concrete is a case of particle segregation in concrete applications, in which particulate solids tend to segregate by virtue of differences in the size, density, shape and other p...
Segregation in concrete is a case of particle segregation in concrete applications, in which particulate solids tend to segregate by virtue of differences in the size, density, shape and other p...
Self Leveling Concrete
Self-leveling concrete is polymer-modified cement that has high flow characteristics and, in contrast to traditional concrete, does not require the addition of excessive amounts of water for pla...
Self-leveling concrete is polymer-modified cement that has high flow characteristics and, in contrast to traditional concrete, does not require the addition of excessive amounts of water for pla...
Self-consolidating concrete
Self-consolidating concrete or self-compacting concrete is characterized by a low yield, high deformability, and moderate viscosity necessary to ensure uniform suspension of solid particle...
Self-consolidating concrete or self-compacting concrete is characterized by a low yield, high deformability, and moderate viscosity necessary to ensure uniform suspension of solid particle...
Self-drying concrete technology
Self-drying concrete technology is found in certain cementitious patching and leveling materials and tile-setting mortars used in the flooring industry.
Self-drying concrete technology is found in certain cementitious patching and leveling materials and tile-setting mortars used in the flooring industry.
Self-leveling concrete
Self-leveling concrete is polymer-modified cement that has high flow characteristics and, in contrast to traditional concrete, does not require the addition of excessive amounts of water for pla...
Self-leveling concrete is polymer-modified cement that has high flow characteristics and, in contrast to traditional concrete, does not require the addition of excessive amounts of water for pla...
Shotcrete
Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique.
Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique.
Shu-tian Li
Shu-tian Li was a citizen of the United States, a Chinese American educator and engineer.
Shu-tian Li was a citizen of the United States, a Chinese American educator and engineer.
Silicate mineral paint
Mineral Paints are mineral based coatings formulated with potassium silicate or sodium silicate, otherwise known as waterglass as the binder, combined with inorganic, alkaline-resistant pigments.
Mineral Paints are mineral based coatings formulated with potassium silicate or sodium silicate, otherwise known as waterglass as the binder, combined with inorganic, alkaline-resistant pigments.
Siliceous limestone
Kieselkalk is also known as the Helvetic Siliceous Limestone.
Kieselkalk is also known as the Helvetic Siliceous Limestone.
Slag
Slag is a partially vitreous by-product of smelting ore to separate the metal fraction from the unwanted fraction.
Slag is a partially vitreous by-product of smelting ore to separate the metal fraction from the unwanted fraction.
Sodium silicate
Sodium silicate is the common name for a compound sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3, also known as water glass or liquid glass.
Sodium silicate is the common name for a compound sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3, also known as water glass or liquid glass.
Soil cement
Soil cement is a construction material, a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water, usually processed in a tumble, compacted to high density.
Soil cement is a construction material, a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water, usually processed in a tumble, compacted to high density.
Spall
Spall are flakes of a material that are broken off a larger solid body and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including as a result of projectile impact, corrosion, weathering, cavitati...
Spall are flakes of a material that are broken off a larger solid body and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including as a result of projectile impact, corrosion, weathering, cavitati...
Spancrete
Spancrete, located in Waukesha, Wisconsin, is a provider of architectural and structural precast concrete, and was an early pioneer of prestressed precast concrete.
Spancrete, located in Waukesha, Wisconsin, is a provider of architectural and structural precast concrete, and was an early pioneer of prestressed precast concrete.
Stadium (software)
STADIUM (Simulated Transfer and Dispersion of Ions in Unsaturated Materials) is a concrete service life prediction method which uses finite element software in conjunction with certified lab tes...
STADIUM (Simulated Transfer and Dispersion of Ions in Unsaturated Materials) is a concrete service life prediction method which uses finite element software in conjunction with certified lab tes...
STADIUM® (software)
STADIUM® is a concrete service life prediction method which uses finite element software in conjunction with certified lab testing to determine the service life of exposed reinforced concrete.
STADIUM® is a concrete service life prediction method which uses finite element software in conjunction with certified lab testing to determine the service life of exposed reinforced concrete.
Stamped concrete
Stamped concrete is concrete that is patterned and/or textured or embossed to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures.
Stamped concrete is concrete that is patterned and/or textured or embossed to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures.
Steel fibre-reinforced shotcrete
Steel fibre-reinforced shotcrete (SFRS) is shotcrete (spray concrete) with steel fibres added.
Steel fibre-reinforced shotcrete (SFRS) is shotcrete (spray concrete) with steel fibres added.
Steel plate construction
Steel plate construction is a rapid method of constructing heavy reinforced concrete items.
Steel plate construction is a rapid method of constructing heavy reinforced concrete items.
Studcast
Studcast concrete, also called "pre-framed concrete", combines relatively thin concrete layers with cold formed steel framing to create hybrid panels; the result is a panelized system usable for...
Studcast concrete, also called "pre-framed concrete", combines relatively thin concrete layers with cold formed steel framing to create hybrid panels; the result is a panelized system usable for...
Sulfate attack
Thaumasite is a silicate mineral with chemical formula Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O. It occurs as colorless to white prismatic hexagonal crystals, typically as acicular radiati...
Thaumasite is a silicate mineral with chemical formula Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O. It occurs as colorless to white prismatic hexagonal crystals, typically as acicular radiati...
Sulfur concrete
Sulfur concrete is a composite construction material, composed of sulfur, aggregate.
Sulfur concrete is a composite construction material, composed of sulfur, aggregate.
Superior Walls of America
Superior Walls of America, Ltd. is a company headquartered in New Holland, Pennsylvania, that specializes in the fabrication and installation of precast concrete foundation systems.
Superior Walls of America, Ltd. is a company headquartered in New Holland, Pennsylvania, that specializes in the fabrication and installation of precast concrete foundation systems.
Superplasticizer
Superplasticizers, also known as high range water reducers, are chemicals used as admixtures where well-dispersed particle suspension are required.
Superplasticizers, also known as high range water reducers, are chemicals used as admixtures where well-dispersed particle suspension are required.
Syncrete
Syncrete or Syn-crete was an experimental synthetic concrete intended for road patching and repairs, created by blending an artificial polymer with concrete.
Syncrete or Syn-crete was an experimental synthetic concrete intended for road patching and repairs, created by blending an artificial polymer with concrete.
Thaumasite
Thaumasite is a silicate mineral with chemical formula Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O. It occurs as colorless to white prismatic hexagonal crystals, typically as acicular radiati...
Thaumasite is a silicate mineral with chemical formula Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O. It occurs as colorless to white prismatic hexagonal crystals, typically as acicular radiati...
ThermaSAVE
ThermaSAVE is a panel building system which uses a 4 to 12-inch-thick core of expanded polystyrene (similar to Styrofoam) sandwiched between two sheets of cellulose fiber-reinforced cement board...
ThermaSAVE is a panel building system which uses a 4 to 12-inch-thick core of expanded polystyrene (similar to Styrofoam) sandwiched between two sheets of cellulose fiber-reinforced cement board...
Tilt up
Tilt-up, tilt-slab or tilt-wall is a type of building and a construction technique using concrete.
Tilt-up, tilt-slab or tilt-wall is a type of building and a construction technique using concrete.
Tobermorite
Tobermorite is a calcium silicate hydrate mineral with chemical formula: :Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O or :Ca5Si6(O,OH)18·5H2O Two structural varieties are distingui...
Tobermorite is a calcium silicate hydrate mineral with chemical formula: :Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O or :Ca5Si6(O,OH)18·5H2O Two structural varieties are distingui...
Translucent concrete
Translucent concrete (also: light-transmitting concrete) is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive properties due to embedded light optical elements - usually fibers.
Translucent concrete (also: light-transmitting concrete) is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive properties due to embedded light optical elements - usually fibers.
Tremie
The Tremie concrete placement method uses the Tremie Pipe, through which concrete is placed below water level.
The Tremie concrete placement method uses the Tremie Pipe, through which concrete is placed below water level.
Types of concrete
There are many types of concrete, designed to suit a variety or purposes coupled with a range of compositions, finishes and performance characteristics.
There are many types of concrete, designed to suit a variety or purposes coupled with a range of compositions, finishes and performance characteristics.
Voided biaxial slab
Voided biaxial slabs are reinforced concrete slabs in which voids reduce the amount of concrete.
Voided biaxial slabs are reinforced concrete slabs in which voids reduce the amount of concrete.
Water reducer
Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured.
Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured.
Water-cement ratio
The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix and has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced.
The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix and has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced.
Waterglass
Sodium silicate is the common name for a compound sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3, also known as water glass or liquid glass.
Sodium silicate is the common name for a compound sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3, also known as water glass or liquid glass.
Waterstop
A waterstop is an element of a concrete structure, intended to prevent the passages of fluids (such as water) when embedded in and running continuously through concrete joints.
A waterstop is an element of a concrete structure, intended to prevent the passages of fluids (such as water) when embedded in and running continuously through concrete joints.
Welded wire mesh
Welded wire mesh, or welded wire fabric is a steel reinforcement material in concrete.
Welded wire mesh, or welded wire fabric is a steel reinforcement material in concrete.
Whitetopping
Whitetopping is the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete.
Whitetopping is the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete.