SettingsEarly modern philosophers
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway was an English philosopher whose work, in the tradition of the Cambridge Platonists, was an influence on Leibniz.
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway was an English philosopher whose work, in the tradition of the Cambridge Platonists, was an influence on Leibniz.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 4 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher and writer.
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 4 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher and writer.
Bic Runga
Jacques-Louis David was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.
Jacques-Louis David was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.
Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)
Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino (22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631), was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotel...
Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino (22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631), was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotel...
Christian Thomasius
Christian Thomasius (January 1, 1655 – September 23, 1728) was a German jurist and philosopher.
Christian Thomasius (January 1, 1655 – September 23, 1728) was a German jurist and philosopher.
David Hume
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism.
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism.
Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.
Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke PC was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a membe...
Edmund Burke PC was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a membe...
Emanuel Swedenborg
Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg; January 29, 1688 – March 29, 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian and Christian mystic.
Emanuel Swedenborg (born Emanuel Swedberg; January 29, 1688 – March 29, 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian and Christian mystic.
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist and author.
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist and author.
Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)
Francis Hutcheson (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was a philosopher born in Ireland to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Francis Hutcheson (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was a philosopher born in Ireland to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Franciscus van den Enden
Franciscus van den Enden (Antwerp c. 5 February 1602 - Paris, 27 November 1674) was a former Jesuit, Neo-Latin poet, physician, art dealer, philosopher and plotter against Louis XIV of France an...
Franciscus van den Enden (Antwerp c. 5 February 1602 - Paris, 27 November 1674) was a former Jesuit, Neo-Latin poet, physician, art dealer, philosopher and plotter against Louis XIV of France an...
George Berkeley
George Berkeley, also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism".
George Berkeley, also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism".
Giambattista Vico
Giovanni Battista Giambattista Vico Vico or Vigo was an Italian political philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist.
Giovanni Battista Giambattista Vico Vico or Vigo was an Italian political philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist.
Giordano Bruno
Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( or ) (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( or ) (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher.
Henry More
Henry More (October 12, 1614 – September 1, 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.
Henry More (October 12, 1614 – September 1, 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.
Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot, Hugo Grocio or Hugo de Groot, was a jurist in the Dutch Republic.
Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot, Hugo Grocio or Hugo de Groot, was a jurist in the Dutch Republic.
Isaac Cardoso
Isaac (Fernando) Cardoso was a Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer.
Isaac (Fernando) Cardoso was a Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer.
Jean Bodin
Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.
Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
Jean-François Senault
Jean-François Senault (1599–1672) was a French Augustinian philosopher.
Jean-François Senault (1599–1672) was a French Augustinian philosopher.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism of French expression.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism of French expression.
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663–1750) was a Swiss theologian and philosopher.
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663–1750) was a Swiss theologian and philosopher.
Johannes van den Driesche
Johannes van den Driesche or Drusius
Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist, Christian Hebraist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders.
Johannes van den Driesche or Drusius
Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist, Christian Hebraist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders.
John Locke
John Locke FRS, widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.
John Locke FRS, widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.
John Mair
John Mair (or Major) (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550) was a Scottish philosopher, much admired in his day and an acknowledged influence ...
John Mair (or Major) (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550) was a Scottish philosopher, much admired in his day and an acknowledged influence ...
John Toland
John Toland was a rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosophy of religion, which are early exp...
John Toland was a rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosophy of religion, which are early exp...
Libert Froidmont
Libert Froidmont, born Haccourt-Liège 3 sep 1587 as son of Gerard Libert de Froidmont and Marguerite Radoux and died in Louvain 28 oct 1653, was a Belgian theologian and scientist.
Libert Froidmont, born Haccourt-Liège 3 sep 1587 as son of Gerard Libert de Froidmont and Marguerite Radoux and died in Louvain 28 oct 1653, was a Belgian theologian and scientist.
Michel de Montaigne
Lord Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592, was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary ge...
Lord Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592, was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary ge...
Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enli...
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enli...
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.
Petrus Cunaeus
Petrus Cunaeus was the pen name of the Dutch Christian scholar Peter van der Kun.
Petrus Cunaeus was the pen name of the Dutch Christian scholar Peter van der Kun.
Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle (18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, published beginning in 1695.
Pierre Bayle (18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, published beginning in 1695.
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician.
Pierre Gassendi was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician.
Péter Pázmány
Péter Pázmány de Panasz (4 October 1570 – 19 March 1637) was a Hungarian philosopher, theologian, catholic cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman.
Péter Pázmány de Panasz (4 October 1570 – 19 March 1637) was a Hungarian philosopher, theologian, catholic cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman.
René Descartes
René Descartes (; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his...
René Descartes (; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his...
Richard Cumberland (philosopher)
Richard Cumberland (July 15, 1631 – October 9, 1718) was an English philosopher, and bishop of Peterborough from 1691.
Richard Cumberland (July 15, 1631 – October 9, 1718) was an English philosopher, and bishop of Peterborough from 1691.
Richard Payne Knight
Richard Payne Knight was a classical scholar and connoisseur best known for his theories of picturesque beauty and for his interest in ancient phallic imagery.
Richard Payne Knight was a classical scholar and connoisseur best known for his theories of picturesque beauty and for his interest in ancient phallic imagery.
Richard Price
Richard Price was a Welsh moral philosopher and preacher in the tradition of English Dissenters, and a political pamphleteer, active in radical, republican, and liberal causes such as the Americ...
Richard Price was a Welsh moral philosopher and preacher in the tradition of English Dissenters, and a political pamphleteer, active in radical, republican, and liberal causes such as the Americ...
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle, FRS, was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology.
Robert Boyle, FRS, was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology.
Samuel Clarke
Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675 – 17 May 1729) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.
Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675 – 17 May 1729) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy.
Thomas More
Sir Thomas More, known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More since 1935, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist.
Sir Thomas More, known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More since 1935, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist.
Thomas Reid
The Reverend Thomas Reid FRSE, was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, and played an integral ro...
The Reverend Thomas Reid FRSE, was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense, and played an integral ro...
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit...
François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit...
Yamaga Sokō
Yamaga Sokō was a Japanese philosopher and strategist during the Tokugawa shogunate.
Yamaga Sokō was a Japanese philosopher and strategist during the Tokugawa shogunate.