SettingsEarly modern philosophers
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway (née Finch) (14 December 1631 – 18 February 1679) was an English philosopher whose work, in the tradition of the Cambridge Platonists, was an influence ...
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway (née Finch) (14 December 1631 – 18 February 1679) was an English philosopher whose work, in the tradition of the Cambridge Platonists, was an influence ...
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 4 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher and writer.
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 4 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher and writer.
Baruch Spinoza
Baruch de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Baruch Spinoza, Benedito or Bento de Espinosa, Benedictus de Spinoza) and later Benedict de Spinoza (in all mentioned languages the given name means "th...
Baruch de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Baruch Spinoza, Benedito or Bento de Espinosa, Benedictus de Spinoza) and later Benedict de Spinoza (in all mentioned languages the given name means "th...
Bic Runga
Jacques-Louis David was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.
Jacques-Louis David was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.
Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)
Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino (22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631), was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotel...
Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino (22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631), was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotel...
Christian Thomasius
Christian Thomasius (January 1, 1655 – September 23, 1728) was a German jurist and philosopher.
Christian Thomasius (January 1, 1655 – September 23, 1728) was a German jurist and philosopher.
Claude Adrien Helvétius
Claude Adrien Helvétius (26 January or 26 February 1715 (sources differ) – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher and littérateur.
Claude Adrien Helvétius (26 January or 26 February 1715 (sources differ) – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher and littérateur.
David Hume
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.
Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (October 28, 1466 – July 12, 1536), sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and a theologian.
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (October 28, 1466 – July 12, 1536), sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and a theologian.
Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke PC (12 January NS
1729– 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of...
Edmund Burke PC (12 January NS
1729– 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of...
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method.
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method.
Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)
Francis Hutcheson was a philosopher born in Ireland to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Francis Hutcheson was a philosopher born in Ireland to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Franciscus van den Enden
Franciscus van den Enden (Antwerp c. 5 February 1602 - Paris, 27 November 1674) was a former Jesuit, Neo-Latin poet, physician, art dealer, philosopher and plotter against Louis XIV of France an...
Franciscus van den Enden (Antwerp c. 5 February 1602 - Paris, 27 November 1674) was a former Jesuit, Neo-Latin poet, physician, art dealer, philosopher and plotter against Louis XIV of France an...
George Berkeley
George Berkeley (; 12 March 1685 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theor...
George Berkeley (; 12 March 1685 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theor...
Giambattista Vico
Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Vico or Vigo (23 June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an Italian political philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist.
Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Vico or Vigo (23 June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an Italian political philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist.
Giordano Bruno
Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600), born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600), born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( or (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a Dutchman philosopher and mathematician.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) ( or (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a Dutchman philosopher and mathematician.
Henry More
Henry More (October 12, 1614 – September 1, 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.
Henry More (October 12, 1614 – September 1, 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.
Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot, Hugo Grocio or Hugo de Groot, was a jurist in the Dutch Republic.
Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot, Hugo Grocio or Hugo de Groot, was a jurist in the Dutch Republic.
Isaac Cardoso
Isaac (Fernando) Cardoso was a Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer.
Isaac (Fernando) Cardoso was a Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer.
Jean Bodin
Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.
Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
Jean-François Senault
Jean-François Senault (1599–1672) was a French Augustinian philosopher.
Jean-François Senault (1599–1672) was a French Augustinian philosopher.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 2 July 1778) was a major Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 2 July 1778) was a major Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism.
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663–1750) was a Swiss theologian and philosopher.
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663–1750) was a Swiss theologian and philosopher.
Johannes van den Driesche
Johannes van den Driesche or Drusius
Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist, Christian Hebraist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders.
Johannes van den Driesche or Drusius
Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist, Christian Hebraist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders.
John Locke
John Locke FRS, widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.
John Locke FRS, widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.
John Mair
John Mair (or Major) (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550) was a Scottish philosopher, much admired in his day and an acknowledged influence ...
John Mair (or Major) (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550) was a Scottish philosopher, much admired in his day and an acknowledged influence ...
John Toland
John Toland (30 November 1670 – 11 March 1722) was a rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosop...
John Toland (30 November 1670 – 11 March 1722) was a rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosop...
Joseph Butler
Joseph Butler (18 May 1692 O.S. – 16 June 1752) was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher.
Joseph Butler (18 May 1692 O.S. – 16 June 1752) was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher.
Libert Froidmont
Libert Froidmont (Latin: Libertus Fromondus), Haccourt-Liège 1587 - Louvain 1638, was a Belgian theologian and scientist.
Libert Froidmont (Latin: Libertus Fromondus), Haccourt-Liège 1587 - Louvain 1638, was a Belgian theologian and scientist.
Michel de Montaigne
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592, was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary genre a...
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592, was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary genre a...
Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enli...
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enli...
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.
Petrus Cunaeus
Petrus Cunaeus was the pen name of the Dutch Christian scholar Peter van der Kun.
Petrus Cunaeus was the pen name of the Dutch Christian scholar Peter van der Kun.
Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle (18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, published beginning in 1695.
Pierre Bayle (18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary, published beginning in 1695.
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician.
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician.
Péter Pázmány
Péter Pázmány de Panasz was a Hungarian philosopher, theologian, catholic cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman.
Péter Pázmány de Panasz was a Hungarian philosopher, theologian, catholic cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman.
René Descartes
René Descartes ; was a French philosopher and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic.
René Descartes ; was a French philosopher and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic.
Richard Cumberland (philosopher)
Richard Cumberland (July 15, 1631 – October 9, 1718) was an English philosopher, and bishop of Peterborough from 1691.
Richard Cumberland (July 15, 1631 – October 9, 1718) was an English philosopher, and bishop of Peterborough from 1691.
Richard Payne Knight
Richard Payne Knight (15 February 1750 – 23 April 1824) was a classical scholar and connoisseur best known for his theories of picturesque beauty and for his interest in ancient phallic im...
Richard Payne Knight (15 February 1750 – 23 April 1824) was a classical scholar and connoisseur best known for his theories of picturesque beauty and for his interest in ancient phallic im...
Richard Price
Richard Price (23 February 1723 – 19 April 1791) was a British moral philosopher and preacher in the tradition of English Dissenters, and a political pamphleteer, active in radical, republican, ...
Richard Price (23 February 1723 – 19 April 1791) was a British moral philosopher and preacher in the tradition of English Dissenters, and a political pamphleteer, active in radical, republican, ...
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle FRS was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology.
Robert Boyle FRS was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology.
Samuel Clarke
Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675, Norwich – 17 May 1729, London) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.
Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675, Norwich – 17 May 1729, London) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy.
Thomas More
Sir Thomas More (; 7 February 1478 6 July 1535), also known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.
Sir Thomas More (; 7 February 1478 6 July 1535), also known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.
Thomas Reid
The Reverend Thomas Reid FRSE (7 May (26 April O.S.) 1710 – 7 October 1796), was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the Scottish Sch...
The Reverend Thomas Reid FRSE (7 May (26 April O.S.) 1710 – 7 October 1796), was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was the founder of the Scottish Sch...
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his...
François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his...
Yamaga Sokō
Yamaga Sokō was a Japanese philosopher and strategist during the Tokugawa shogunate.
Yamaga Sokō was a Japanese philosopher and strategist during the Tokugawa shogunate.