SettingsFormer countries in Europe
Alania
Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Alans that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia-Alania, from the 8th or 9th century ...
Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Alans that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia-Alania, from the 8th or 9th century ...
Albanian Principalities
The term Albanian Principalities refers to a number of principalities created in the Middle Ages in Albania and Epirus that were ruled by Albanian noblemen.
The term Albanian Principalities refers to a number of principalities created in the Middle Ages in Albania and Epirus that were ruled by Albanian noblemen.
Albanian principalities
The term Albanian Principalities refers to a number of principalities created in the Middle Ages in Albania and Epirus that were ruled by Albanian noblemen.
The term Albanian Principalities refers to a number of principalities created in the Middle Ages in Albania and Epirus that were ruled by Albanian noblemen.
Alempois
Alempois (Alumbus) was a small independent landlocked country in ancient Estonia, bordered by Harjumaa, Järvamaa, Nurmekund, Sakala, and Läänemaa.
Alempois (Alumbus) was a small independent landlocked country in ancient Estonia, bordered by Harjumaa, Järvamaa, Nurmekund, Sakala, and Läänemaa.
Almoravid dynasty
The Almoravids ( Imṛabḍen, المرابطون Al-Murābiṭūn) were a Berber dynasty of Morocco, who formed an empire in the 11th-century that stretched over the western Maghreb and Al-Andalus.
The Almoravids ( Imṛabḍen, المرابطون Al-Murābiṭūn) were a Berber dynasty of Morocco, who formed an empire in the 11th-century that stretched over the western Maghreb and Al-Andalus.
Alsace-Lorraine
The Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine generally Elsass-Lothringen, was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine...
The Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine generally Elsass-Lothringen, was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine...
Anjou
Anjou is a former county (in the sense of being ruled by a count, from c. 880), duchy (1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of what, since the early 13th ce...
Anjou is a former county (in the sense of being ruled by a count, from c. 880), duchy (1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of what, since the early 13th ce...
Arsania
Artania or Arsania was one of the three centers of the Saqaliba described in a lost book by Abu Zayd al-Balkhi and mentioned in works by some of his followers.
Artania or Arsania was one of the three centers of the Saqaliba described in a lost book by Abu Zayd al-Balkhi and mentioned in works by some of his followers.
Austrasia
Austrasia formed the northeastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the ...
Austrasia formed the northeastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the ...
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchi...
Austria-Hungary, more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchi...
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867.
The Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867.
Autonomist Association
The Autonomist Association was a political party in Fiume, that existed continuously from 1896 to 1914.
The Autonomist Association was a political party in Fiume, that existed continuously from 1896 to 1914.
Avar Khanate
The Avar Khanate was a long-lived Muslim state which controlled Western Dagestan from the early 13th century to the 19th century.
The Avar Khanate was a long-lived Muslim state which controlled Western Dagestan from the early 13th century to the 19th century.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) was the first successful attempt to establish a democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world (pre-dating the R...
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) was the first successful attempt to establish a democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world (pre-dating the R...
Balaton Principality
The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonia, Lower Pannonia, Pannonian Principality, Transdanubian Principality or Slavic Pannonian State, 839/840-876) was a Sla...
The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonia, Lower Pannonia, Pannonian Principality, Transdanubian Principality or Slavic Pannonian State, 839/840-876) was a Sla...
Banu Ifran
The Ifranid dynasty, also called Banu Ifran, Ifran, the children of the Afri, or Ifranid (بنو يفرن), were a Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early...
The Ifranid dynasty, also called Banu Ifran, Ifran, the children of the Afri, or Ifranid (بنو يفرن), were a Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early...
Bavarian Soviet Republic
The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the short-lived attempt to establish a socialist state in the for...
The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the short-lived attempt to establish a socialist state in the for...
Belarusian People's Republic
The Belarusian People's Republic was a self-declared independent Belarusian state, which declared independence in 1918.
The Belarusian People's Republic was a self-declared independent Belarusian state, which declared independence in 1918.
Bishopric of Courland
The Bishopric of Courland (Episcopatus Curoniensis, Low German: Bisdom Curland) was the second smallest (4500 km2) ecclesiastical state in the Livonian Confederation founded in the aft...
The Bishopric of Courland (Episcopatus Curoniensis, Low German: Bisdom Curland) was the second smallest (4500 km2) ecclesiastical state in the Livonian Confederation founded in the aft...
Britannic Empire
The Britannic Empire was a tearaway state of the Roman empire formed towards the late Roman Period by the emperor Carausius.
The Britannic Empire was a tearaway state of the Roman empire formed towards the late Roman Period by the emperor Carausius.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople.
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople.
Canton of Schwyz
Schwyz (Standard German Schwyz) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne in the east and Lake Zurich in the north, centered around and named after the t...
Schwyz (Standard German Schwyz) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne in the east and Lake Zurich in the north, centered around and named after the t...
Carantania
Carantania, also known as Carentania (Karantanija, Karantanien, in old Slovene onomastics Korotan) was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century, in the ...
Carantania, also known as Carentania (Karantanija, Karantanien, in old Slovene onomastics Korotan) was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century, in the ...
Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages.
Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages.
Carpatho-Ukraine
Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна, Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15, 1939.
Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна, Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15, 1939.
Caucasian Albania
Albania is a name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus, that existed on the territory of present-day republic of Azerbaijan and partially southern Dagestan.
Albania is a name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus, that existed on the territory of present-day republic of Azerbaijan and partially southern Dagestan.
Corsican Republic
In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa.
In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa.
County of Gützkow
The County of Gützkow (Grafschaft Gützkow) was a part of the Duchy of Pomerania during the High Middle Ages (1219–1359), named after the central town of Gützkow and stretching roughly from the P...
The County of Gützkow (Grafschaft Gützkow) was a part of the Duchy of Pomerania during the High Middle Ages (1219–1359), named after the central town of Gützkow and stretching roughly from the P...
County of Leiningen
Leiningen is the name of an old German family whose lands lay principally in Alsace, Lorraine and the Palatinate.
Leiningen is the name of an old German family whose lands lay principally in Alsace, Lorraine and the Palatinate.
County of Metz
The County of Metz originated from the frankish Metzgau.
The County of Metz originated from the frankish Metzgau.
County of Sicily
The County of Sicily was a Norman state comprising the islands of Sicily and Malta from 1071 until 1130.
The County of Sicily was a Norman state comprising the islands of Sicily and Malta from 1071 until 1130.
County of Virneburg
The County of Virneburg was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire in the region of the Eifel in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate.
The County of Virneburg was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire in the region of the Eifel in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate.
Couto Misto
Couto Misto (Couto Misto, Couto Mixto, Coto Mixto) was an independent microstate on the border between Spain and Portugal.
Couto Misto (Couto Misto, Couto Mixto, Coto Mixto) was an independent microstate on the border between Spain and Portugal.
Cretan State
The Cretan State (Κρητική Πολιτεία, Kritiki Politia) was established in 1898, following the intervention by the Great Powers (Britain, France, Italy and Russia) on the island of Crete.
The Cretan State (Κρητική Πολιτεία, Kritiki Politia) was established in 1898, following the intervention by the Great Powers (Britain, France, Italy and Russia) on the island of Crete.
Crimean Regional Government
The Crimean Regional Government (Крымское краевое правительство - Krymskoe kraevoe pravitel'stvo) refers to two successive short-lived regimes in Crimea in 1918 and 1919.
The Crimean Regional Government (Крымское краевое правительство - Krymskoe kraevoe pravitel'stvo) refers to two successive short-lived regimes in Crimea in 1918 and 1919.
Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic
The Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic or the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Crimea was a state allied with Soviet Russia that existed in Crimea for several months in 1919 during the Russ...
The Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic or the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Crimea was a state allied with Soviet Russia that existed in Crimea for several months in 1919 during the Russ...
Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of C...
The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of C...
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992.
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992.
Democratic Republic of Armenia
The Democratic Republic of Armenia or the First Republic of Armenia was the first modern establishment of an Armenian state.
The Democratic Republic of Armenia or the First Republic of Armenia was the first modern establishment of an Armenian state.
Duchy of Inowrocław
The Duchy of Inowrocław was one of the territories created during the period of the fragmentation of Poland.
The Duchy of Inowrocław was one of the territories created during the period of the fragmentation of Poland.
East Francia
East Francia, also known as the Kingdom of the East Franks or Francia Orientalis, was the realm allotted to Louis the German by the 843 Treaty of Verdun.
East Francia, also known as the Kingdom of the East Franks or Francia Orientalis, was the realm allotted to Louis the German by the 843 Treaty of Verdun.
Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
Serbian Autonomous Area (Oblast) or SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (Српска аутономна област Источна Славонија, Барања и Западни Срем / Srpska autonomna oblast Istočna Slavon...
Serbian Autonomous Area (Oblast) or SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (Српска аутономна област Источна Славонија, Барања и Западни Срем / Srpska autonomna oblast Istočna Slavon...
Electorate of Bavaria
The Electorate of Bavaria was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria.
The Electorate of Bavaria was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria.
First Spanish Republic
The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's '...
The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's '...
Flag of the Couto Misto
The flag of the Couto Misto, as described by the second to last head of state Delfim Modesto Brandão in his memoirs, is formed by two vertical bands, one of white (hoist side) and one of blue.
The flag of the Couto Misto, as described by the second to last head of state Delfim Modesto Brandão in his memoirs, is formed by two vertical bands, one of white (hoist side) and one of blue.
Francia
Francia or Frankia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks or Frankish Kingdom, Frankish Realm or occasionally Frankland, was the territory inhabited and ruled by th...
Francia or Frankia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks or Frankish Kingdom, Frankish Realm or occasionally Frankland, was the territory inhabited and ruled by th...
Free Imperial City of Besançon
The Imperial City of Besançon was a self-governing city that was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Imperial City of Besançon was a self-governing city that was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
French First Republic
The French First Republic was founded on 22 September 1792, by the newly established National Convention.
The French First Republic was founded on 22 September 1792, by the newly established National Convention.
French Fourth Republic
The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution.
The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution.
French Second Republic
The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire.
The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire.
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed,...
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed,...
Government of South Russia
The Government of South Russia (Правительство Юга России Pravitel'stvo Juga Rossii) was a Russian White movement government established in Sevastopol, Crimea in April 1920.
The Government of South Russia (Правительство Юга России Pravitel'stvo Juga Rossii) was a Russian White movement government established in Sevastopol, Crimea in April 1920.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th–13th century until 1569.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th–13th century until 1569.
Great Horde
The Great Horde was the steppe remnant of the Golden Horde from about 1466 until 1502.
The Great Horde was the steppe remnant of the Golden Horde from about 1466 until 1502.
Harjumaa (ancient county)
Harjumaa, (Harria) (1200 hides), was an ancient Estonian county.
Harjumaa, (Harria) (1200 hides), was an ancient Estonian county.
Hungarian Democratic Republic
The Hungarian People's Republic, and later the Hungarian Republic was a short-lived republic that existed – with a 133-day interruption in 1919 – from late 1918 to early 1920, replacing th...
The Hungarian People's Republic, and later the Hungarian Republic was a short-lived republic that existed – with a 133-day interruption in 1919 – from late 1918 to early 1920, replacing th...
Hungarian Soviet Republic
The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils or Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of Hungary was a short-lived Communist state established in Hungary in the aft...
The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Hungarian Republic of Councils or Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of Hungary was a short-lived Communist state established in Hungary in the aft...
Hunnic Empire
The Hunnic empire was formed under the reign of Attila, centered in present-day Hungary; its territory included parts of Germany, the Balkans, and Ukraine.
The Hunnic empire was formed under the reign of Attila, centered in present-day Hungary; its territory included parts of Germany, the Balkans, and Ukraine.
Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there.
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there.
Hutsul Republic
The Hutsul Republic was a short-lived state, formed in the aftermath of World War I. The republic was declared on January 8, 1919, claiming Ukrainian-speaking areas of Hungary, when original pla...
The Hutsul Republic was a short-lived state, formed in the aftermath of World War I. The republic was declared on January 8, 1919, claiming Ukrainian-speaking areas of Hungary, when original pla...
Icelandic Commonwealth
The Icelandic Commonwealth, Icelandic Free State, or Republic of Iceland (Þjóðveldið) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge...
The Icelandic Commonwealth, Icelandic Free State, or Republic of Iceland (Þjóðveldið) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge...
Ifranid dynasty
The Ifranid dynasty, also called Banu Ifran, Ifran, the children of the Afri, or Ifranid (بنو يفرن), were a Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early...
The Ifranid dynasty, also called Banu Ifran, Ifran, the children of the Afri, or Ifranid (بنو يفرن), were a Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early...
Imperial Ducal Abbey of Kempten
The Imperial Ducal Abbey of Kempten in the Allgäu, was a city state in the Holy Roman Empire.
The Imperial Ducal Abbey of Kempten in the Allgäu, was a city state in the Holy Roman Empire.
Jogentagana
Jogentagana was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Jogentagana was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Järva County
Järva County (Järva maakond), or Järvamaa (Jerwen, Jervia), is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Järva County (Järva maakond), or Järvamaa (Jerwen, Jervia), is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Khanate of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552.
The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552.
Khanate of Kazi-Kumukh
Khanate of Kazi-Kumukh – Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh in 1642.
Khanate of Kazi-Kumukh – Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh in 1642.
Khazars
The Khazars were semi-nomadic Turkic people who established one of the largest polities of medieval Eurasia, with the capital of Atil and territory comprising much of modern-day European Russia,...
The Khazars were semi-nomadic Turkic people who established one of the largest polities of medieval Eurasia, with the capital of Atil and territory comprising much of modern-day European Russia,...
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus was a medieval polity in Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240.
Kievan Rus was a medieval polity in Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240.
Kingdom of Aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.
The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.
Kingdom of Bosnia
The Kingdom of Bosnia was one of the largest kingdoms of the Balkans in the Middle Ages, which existed between 1377 and 1463.
The Kingdom of Bosnia was one of the largest kingdoms of the Balkans in the Middle Ages, which existed between 1377 and 1463.
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France was one of the most powerful states to exist in Europe during the second millennium.
The Kingdom of France was one of the most powerful states to exist in Europe during the second millennium.
Kingdom of France (1791-1792)
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 to 21 September 1792.
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 to 21 September 1792.
Kingdom of France (1791–1792)
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France, officially known as the Kingdom of the French, was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 to 21 Septembe...
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France, officially known as the Kingdom of the French, was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 to 21 Septembe...
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania, Carpatho Ruthenia, Vojvodina, Burgenland, and other smaller territories surrounding...
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania, Carpatho Ruthenia, Vojvodina, Burgenland, and other smaller territories surrounding...
Kingdom of León
The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.
The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.
Kingdom of Livonia
The Kingdom of Livonia was a nominal state in what is now the territory of the present-day Estonia and Latvia, declared as such by Ivan IV during the Livonian War but never properly established.
The Kingdom of Livonia was a nominal state in what is now the territory of the present-day Estonia and Latvia, declared as such by Ivan IV during the Livonian War but never properly established.
Kingdom of Majorca
The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror.
The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror.
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean.
The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean.
Kingdom of the Isles
The Kingdom of the Isles comprised the Hebrides, the islands of the Firth of Clyde and the Isle of Man from the 9th to the 13th centuries AD. The islands were known to the Norse as the Suðreyj...
The Kingdom of the Isles comprised the Hebrides, the islands of the Firth of Clyde and the Isle of Man from the 9th to the 13th centuries AD. The islands were known to the Norse as the Suðreyj...
Kingdom of Toledo
The Kingdom of Toledo was the juridical definition of a Christian medieval kingdom in what is now central Spain, created after Alfonso VI of León's capture of Toledo in 1085.
The Kingdom of Toledo was the juridical definition of a Christian medieval kingdom in what is now central Spain, created after Alfonso VI of León's capture of Toledo in 1085.
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (země Koruny české; Böhmische Kronländer; Corona regni Bohemiae), also called the Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas (země Koruny svatováclavské) or ...
The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (země Koruny české; Böhmische Kronländer; Corona regni Bohemiae), also called the Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas (země Koruny svatováclavské) or ...
League of God's House
The League of God's House (German: Gotteshausbund, Italian: Lega Caddea, Romansh: Lia da la Chadé) was formed in what is now Switzerland on January 29, 1367 to resist the rising powe...
The League of God's House (German: Gotteshausbund, Italian: Lega Caddea, Romansh: Lia da la Chadé) was formed in what is now Switzerland on January 29, 1367 to resist the rising powe...
League of the Ten Jurisdictions
The League of the Ten Jurisdictions was the last of the Three Leagues founded during the Middle Ages in what is now Canton Graubünden of Switzerland.
The League of the Ten Jurisdictions was the last of the Three Leagues founded during the Middle Ages in what is now Canton Graubünden of Switzerland.
Lemko Republic
The Ruthenian National Republic of the Lemko People (Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv), often known as the Lemko Republic or the Lemko-Rusyn Republic, was founded in Florynka (a v...
The Ruthenian National Republic of the Lemko People (Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv), often known as the Lemko Republic or the Lemko-Rusyn Republic, was founded in Florynka (a v...
Linnusitamaa
Linnusitamaa (also known as Linnusita saar) is a uninhabited Estonian islet in the Gulf of Riga.
Linnusitamaa (also known as Linnusita saar) is a uninhabited Estonian islet in the Gulf of Riga.
Lippe-Alverdissen
Lippe-Alverdissen was a county in Germany.
Lippe-Alverdissen was a county in Germany.
Lippe-Brake
Lippe-Brake was a county located in Germany.
Lippe-Brake was a county located in Germany.
Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel (LBSSR; Lietuvos–Baltarusijos Tarybinė Socialistinė Respublika; Літоўска–Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Литов...
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel (LBSSR; Lietuvos–Baltarusijos Tarybinė Socialistinė Respublika; Літоўска–Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Литов...
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel (LBSSR; Lietuvos–Baltarusijos Tarybinė Socialistinė Respublika; Літоўска–Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Литов...
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel (LBSSR; Lietuvos–Baltarusijos Tarybinė Socialistinė Respublika; Літоўска–Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Литов...
Lotharingia
Lotharingia was a region in northwest Europe, comprising the Low Countries, the western Rhineland, the lands today on the border between France and Germany, and what is now western Switzerland.
Lotharingia was a region in northwest Europe, comprising the Low Countries, the western Rhineland, the lands today on the border between France and Germany, and what is now western Switzerland.
Lower Burgundy
Lower Burgundy was a historical kingdom in what is now southeastern France, so-called because it was lower down the Rhone Valley than Upper Burgundy.
Lower Burgundy was a historical kingdom in what is now southeastern France, so-called because it was lower down the Rhone Valley than Upper Burgundy.
Menton
Menton is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
Menton is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
Metsepole
Mõtsa Pūol, Metsepole, was an ancient Livonian county inhabited by a Finnic people Livonians, on the east coast of the Gulf of Riga, at the northwest of what is now the Vidzeme region of L...
Mõtsa Pūol, Metsepole, was an ancient Livonian county inhabited by a Finnic people Livonians, on the east coast of the Gulf of Riga, at the northwest of what is now the Vidzeme region of L...
Middle Francia
Middle Francia (Francia media) was an ephemeral Frankish kingdom created by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, together with the realms of East and West Francia.
Middle Francia (Francia media) was an ephemeral Frankish kingdom created by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, together with the realms of East and West Francia.
Moldavia
Moldavia (Moldova ) is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river.
Moldavia (Moldova ) is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river.
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers) (1917–1920) was a short-lived state situated i...
The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers) (1917–1920) was a short-lived state situated i...
Mõhu
Mõhu was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the central part of the territory of Estonia.
Mõhu was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the central part of the territory of Estonia.
Neustria
The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new western
Land", originated in 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the north of p...
The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new western
Land", originated in 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the north of p...
North Caucasian Emirate
The North Caucasian Emirate (Северо-Кавказский эмират Severo-Kavkazskij èmirat) was a mainly Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the R...
The North Caucasian Emirate (Северо-Кавказский эмират Severo-Kavkazskij èmirat) was a mainly Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the R...
Nurmekund
Nurmekund (Low German: Nurmegunde) was a small independent country (ancient Estonian county) on the north coast of Lake Võrtsjärv in Central Estonia, bordered by Sakala, Alempois, Järvamaa, ...
Nurmekund (Low German: Nurmegunde) was a small independent country (ancient Estonian county) on the north coast of Lake Võrtsjärv in Central Estonia, bordered by Sakala, Alempois, Järvamaa, ...
Old Great Bulgaria
Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria was а term used by Byzantine historians to refer to the Bulgar Khanate during the reign of Kubrat in the 7th century north of the Caucasus mountains i...
Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria was а term used by Byzantine historians to refer to the Bulgar Khanate during the reign of Kubrat in the 7th century north of the Caucasus mountains i...
Ostrogothic Kingdom
The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553.
The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553.
Prince of Sedan
The Prince of Sedan (Fr.: prince de Sedan) was the ruler of the independent Principality of Sedan (Fr.: Principauté de Sedan), a Renaissance state centered on modern Sedan, Ardennes.
The Prince of Sedan (Fr.: prince de Sedan) was the ruler of the independent Principality of Sedan (Fr.: Principauté de Sedan), a Renaissance state centered on modern Sedan, Ardennes.
Principality of Beloozero
Principality of Beloozero or Beloozero Duchy (Белозерское княжество) was a Russian principality or duchy, which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries in the Russian North.
Principality of Beloozero or Beloozero Duchy (Белозерское княжество) was a Russian principality or duchy, which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries in the Russian North.
Principality of Catalonia
The Principality of Catalonia, is a historic territory in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula, mostly in Spain and with an adjoining portion in southern France.
The Principality of Catalonia, is a historic territory in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula, mostly in Spain and with an adjoining portion in southern France.
Principality of Drutsk
The Duchy of Drutsk (Княства Друцкае) was a state with the centre in Drutsk on the lands of modern Belarus in the Early Middle Ages.
The Duchy of Drutsk (Княства Друцкае) was a state with the centre in Drutsk on the lands of modern Belarus in the Early Middle Ages.
Principality of Finland
The Grand Principality of Finland; Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta, Storfurstendömet Finland, Magnus Ducatus Finlandiæ, Великое княжество Финляндское, was the predecessor state of modern Finland.
The Grand Principality of Finland; Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta, Storfurstendömet Finland, Magnus Ducatus Finlandiæ, Великое княжество Финляндское, was the predecessor state of modern Finland.
Principality of Guria
The Principality of Guria (გურიის სამთავრო, Guriis samtavro) was a historical state in Georgia.
The Principality of Guria (გურიის სამთავრო, Guriis samtavro) was a historical state in Georgia.
Principality of Khachen
The Principality of Khachen, also known as Khamsa, was a medieval Armenian principality in the territory of historical Artsakh.
The Principality of Khachen, also known as Khamsa, was a medieval Armenian principality in the territory of historical Artsakh.
Principality of Lower Pannonia
The Principality of Lower Pannonia was a Slavic principality located in the western part of the Pannonian plain, between the rivers Danube to its east, Drava to the south, Graz to the west, and ...
The Principality of Lower Pannonia was a Slavic principality located in the western part of the Pannonian plain, between the rivers Danube to its east, Drava to the south, Graz to the west, and ...
Principality of Mingrelia
The Principality of Mingrelia was a historical state in Georgia ruled by the Dadiani dynasty.
The Principality of Mingrelia was a historical state in Georgia ruled by the Dadiani dynasty.
Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
The Principality of Novgorod-Seversk was a medieval Rus' principality centered on the town now called Novhorod-Siverskyi.
The Principality of Novgorod-Seversk was a medieval Rus' principality centered on the town now called Novhorod-Siverskyi.
Principality of Orange
The Principality of Orange (in French, le Principauté d'Orange) was (from 1163 to 1713) a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the left bank of the River Rhone north o...
The Principality of Orange (in French, le Principauté d'Orange) was (from 1163 to 1713) a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the left bank of the River Rhone north o...
Principality of Rugia
The Principality of Rugia or Principality of Rügen was a Danish principality consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325.
The Principality of Rugia or Principality of Rügen was a Danish principality consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325.
Principality of Rügen
The Principality of Rügen or Principality of Rugia was a Danish principality consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325.
The Principality of Rügen or Principality of Rugia was a Danish principality consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325.
Principality of Salm
The Principality of Salm was a short-lived client state of Napoleonic France located in Westphalia.
The Principality of Salm was a short-lived client state of Napoleonic France located in Westphalia.
Principality of Turov and Pinsk
The Duchy of Turov and Pinsk (Княства Турава-Пінскае, Княжество Турово-Пинское) was a medieval principality and state on the territory of modern southern Belarus and northern Ukraine.
The Duchy of Turov and Pinsk (Княства Турава-Пінскае, Княжество Турово-Пинское) was a medieval principality and state on the territory of modern southern Belarus and northern Ukraine.
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
Raugraviate
The Raugraves were a German noble family, which had its center of influence in the former Nahegau.
The Raugraves were a German noble family, which had its center of influence in the former Nahegau.
Republic of Central Lithuania
The Republic of Central Lithuania or Middle Lithuania (Republika Litwy Środkowej, Vidurio Lietuvos Respublika, Рэспубліка Сярэдняе Літвы / Respublika Siaredniaje Litvy), or simply C...
The Republic of Central Lithuania or Middle Lithuania (Republika Litwy Środkowej, Vidurio Lietuvos Respublika, Рэспубліка Сярэдняе Літвы / Respublika Siaredniaje Litvy), or simply C...
Republic of Galicia
The Galician Republic (Republica Galega in Galician) was an ephemeral passage in the History of Galicia.
The Galician Republic (Republica Galega in Galician) was an ephemeral passage in the History of Galicia.
Republic of Mirdita
The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived unrecognized republic declared in northern Albania by Marka Gjoni and his followers.
The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived unrecognized republic declared in northern Albania by Marka Gjoni and his followers.
Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia, that existed from 1358 to 1808.
The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia, that existed from 1358 to 1808.
Revala
Revala (also Rävälä, Revalia) was an ancient Estonian county.
Revala (also Rävälä, Revalia) was an ancient Estonian county.
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (Ròcabruna Caup Martin in Occitan, Roccabruna-Capo Martino in Italian) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France between Monaco and Menton.
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (Ròcabruna Caup Martin in Occitan, Roccabruna-Capo Martino in Italian) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France between Monaco and Menton.
Rus' Khaganate
The Rus' Khaganate is a name suggested for a polity that flourished during a poorly-documented period in the history of Eastern Europe.
The Rus' Khaganate is a name suggested for a polity that flourished during a poorly-documented period in the history of Eastern Europe.
Saare County
Saare County (Saare maakond), or Saaremaa, (Osilia or Oesel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Saare County (Saare maakond), or Saaremaa, (Osilia or Oesel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Sakala County
Sakala County (Estonian: Sakala, Latin: Saccalia) was an ancient Estonian county first mentioned in print by Henry of Livonia in the beginning of the 13th Century.
Sakala County (Estonian: Sakala, Latin: Saccalia) was an ancient Estonian county first mentioned in print by Henry of Livonia in the beginning of the 13th Century.
Sardinia
Sardinia (, Sardegna, Sardigna ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus).
Sardinia (, Sardegna, Sardigna ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus).
Sarir
Sarir or Serir was a medieval Christian state lasting from the 5th century to the 12th century in the mountainous regions of modern-day Dagestan.
Sarir or Serir was a medieval Christian state lasting from the 5th century to the 12th century in the mountainous regions of modern-day Dagestan.
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Saxe-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Hildburghausen) was an Ernestine duchy in what is now southern Thuringia, Germany.
Saxe-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Hildburghausen) was an Ernestine duchy in what is now southern Thuringia, Germany.
Second French Empire
The Second French Empire (Second Empire Français) or French Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic...
The Second French Empire (Second Empire Français) or French Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic...
Second Spanish Republic
The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14, 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco.
The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14, 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco.
Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro was a country in southeastern Europe, formed from two former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Serbia and Montenegro.
Serbia and Montenegro was a country in southeastern Europe, formed from two former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Serbia and Montenegro.
Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh
Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh — Lak state that existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in 11th-17th centuries.
Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh — Lak state that existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in 11th-17th centuries.
Sicily
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana.
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana.
Slovak Republic (1939-1945)
The Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), also known as the First Slovak Republic (Prvá slovenská republika) or the Slovak State (Slovenský štát), was a puppet clerofascist state w...
The Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), also known as the First Slovak Republic (Prvá slovenská republika) or the Slovak State (Slovenský štát), was a puppet clerofascist state w...
Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
The Slovak Republic, also known as the First Slovak Republic or the Slovak State, was a puppet clerofascist state which existed from 14 March 1939 to 8 May 1945 as an ally and clien...
The Slovak Republic, also known as the First Slovak Republic or the Slovak State, was a puppet clerofascist state which existed from 14 March 1939 to 8 May 1945 as an ally and clien...
Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia or Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was an early republic in the historical territory of Belarus after the collapse of the Russian Empire a...
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia or Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was an early republic in the historical territory of Belarus after the collapse of the Russian Empire a...
Soopoolitse
Soopoolitse was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Soopoolitse was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
South Russian Government
The South Russian Government was a Russian White movement government established by Armed Forces of South Russia commander Anton Denikin in Novorossiysk, Kuban, in March 1920 during the Russian ...
The South Russian Government was a Russian White movement government established by Armed Forces of South Russia commander Anton Denikin in Novorossiysk, Kuban, in March 1920 during the Russian ...
Soviet Republic of Naissaar
Naissaar (Nargen; Nargö) is an island northwest of Tallinn (but belonging to Viimsi Parish) in Estonia.
Naissaar (Nargen; Nargö) is an island northwest of Tallinn (but belonging to Viimsi Parish) in Estonia.
Spanish Republic (1873-1874)
The Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronu...
The Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronu...
Spanish Republic (1931-1939)
The Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14, 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco.
The Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14, 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco.
State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order,, also Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights or Ordensstaat, was formed in 1224 during the Northern Crusades, the Teutonic Knights' conquest of the p...
The State of the Teutonic Order,, also Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights or Ordensstaat, was formed in 1224 during the Northern Crusades, the Teutonic Knights' conquest of the p...
Suebic Kingdom of Galicia
The Suebic or Suevic Kingdom of Galicia was a Germanic post-Roman kingdom, the first one or one of the first ones to separate de facto from the Roman Empire and to mint coins.
The Suebic or Suevic Kingdom of Galicia was a Germanic post-Roman kingdom, the first one or one of the first ones to separate de facto from the Roman Empire and to mint coins.
Taifa of Murcia
The Taifa of Murcia was one of the Taifas of medieval Al-Andalus, in what is now southern Spain.
The Taifa of Murcia was one of the Taifas of medieval Al-Andalus, in what is now southern Spain.
Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
The Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic (Советская Социалистическая Республика Тавриды - Sovetskaja Socialističeskaya Respublika Tavridy; Радянська Соціалістична Республіка Тавриди - Radjans...
The Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic (Советская Социалистическая Республика Тавриды - Sovetskaja Socialističeskaya Respublika Tavridy; Радянська Соціалістична Республіка Тавриди - Radjans...
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
Ugandi County
Ugandi was an independent country between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Tālava, and The Principality of Pskov.
Ugandi was an independent country between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Tālava, and The Principality of Pskov.
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a monarchy consisting of the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve, as well as colonial possessions in Africa and Asia.
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a monarchy consisting of the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve, as well as colonial possessions in Africa and Asia.
Vaiga
Vaiga was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Vaiga was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Virumaa
Virumaa is a former independent county in Ancient Estonia.
Virumaa is a former independent county in Ancient Estonia.
Visigothic Kingdom
The Visigothic Kingdom was a kingdom which occupied southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to 8th century AD. One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire...
The Visigothic Kingdom was a kingdom which occupied southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to 8th century AD. One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire...
Vogtland
The term Vogtland refers to a region reaching across the German free states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia and into the Czech Republic.
The term Vogtland refers to a region reaching across the German free states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia and into the Czech Republic.
Werdenberg (Holy Roman Empire)
Werdenberg was a county of the Holy Roman Empire situated on either side of the Rhine, including parts of what is now St. Gallen (Switzerland), Liechtenstein, and Vorarlberg (Austria).
Werdenberg was a county of the Holy Roman Empire situated on either side of the Rhine, including parts of what is now St. Gallen (Switzerland), Liechtenstein, and Vorarlberg (Austria).
West Francia
West Francia or the West Frankish Kingdom was a short-lived kingdom encompassing the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire that came under the undisputed control of Charlemag...
West Francia or the West Frankish Kingdom was a short-lived kingdom encompassing the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire that came under the undisputed control of Charlemag...
Wild County
The noble family of the Waldgraves or Wildgraves (Latin: comites silvestres) descended of a division of the House of the Counts of Nahegau in the year 1113.
The noble family of the Waldgraves or Wildgraves (Latin: comites silvestres) descended of a division of the House of the Counts of Nahegau in the year 1113.
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established...
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established...