SettingsPhilosophical logic
A priori and a posteriori
The terms a priori and a posteriori are used in philosophy to distinguish two types of knowledge, justifications or arguments.
The terms a priori and a posteriori are used in philosophy to distinguish two types of knowledge, justifications or arguments.
Analytic reasoning
In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, analytic reasoning represents judgments made upon statements that are based on the virtue of the statement's own content.
In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, analytic reasoning represents judgments made upon statements that are based on the virtue of the statement's own content.
Analytic-synthetic distinction
The analytic–synthetic distinction (also called the analytic–synthetic dichotomy) is a conceptual distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions into two types: an...
The analytic–synthetic distinction (also called the analytic–synthetic dichotomy) is a conceptual distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions into two types: an...
Analytic–synthetic distinction
The analytic–synthetic distinction (also called the analytic–synthetic dichotomy) is a conceptual distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions into two types: an...
The analytic–synthetic distinction (also called the analytic–synthetic dichotomy) is a conceptual distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions into two types: an...
Association for Logic, Language and Information
The Association for Logic, Language and Information (FoLLI) is an international, especially European, learned society administered from Nancy-Université in France.
The Association for Logic, Language and Information (FoLLI) is an international, especially European, learned society administered from Nancy-Université in France.
Association for Symbolic Logic
The Association for Symbolic Logic ("ASL") is an international organization of specialists in mathematical logic and philosophical logic—the largest such organization in the world.
The Association for Symbolic Logic ("ASL") is an international organization of specialists in mathematical logic and philosophical logic—the largest such organization in the world.
Begriffsschrift
Begriffsschrift is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book.
Begriffsschrift is a book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and the formal system set out in that book.
Categories (Peirce)
Among other things, this paper outlined a theory of predication involving three universal categories that Peirce would apply throughout philosophy and elsewhere for the rest of his life.
Among other things, this paper outlined a theory of predication involving three universal categories that Peirce would apply throughout philosophy and elsewhere for the rest of his life.
Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography
This Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography consolidates numerous references to Charles Sanders Peirce's writings, including letters, manuscripts, publications, and Nachlass.
This Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography consolidates numerous references to Charles Sanders Peirce's writings, including letters, manuscripts, publications, and Nachlass.
Circular definition
A circular definition is one that uses the term being defined as a part of the definition or assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined.
A circular definition is one that uses the term being defined as a part of the definition or assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined.
Circular reasoning
Circular reasoning, is a logical fallacy in which "the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with".
Circular reasoning, is a logical fallacy in which "the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with".
Circular reference
A circular reference is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop.
A circular reference is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop.
Circular reporting
In source criticism, circular reporting or false confirmation is a situation where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in fact is coming from only...
In source criticism, circular reporting or false confirmation is a situation where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in fact is coming from only...
Compossibility
Compossibility is a philosophical concept from Leibniz.
Compossibility is a philosophical concept from Leibniz.
Conditional statement (logic)
In philosophy, logic, and mathematics, a conditional statement is a proposition of the form "If p, then q," where p and q are propositions.
In philosophy, logic, and mathematics, a conditional statement is a proposition of the form "If p, then q," where p and q are propositions.
Contra principia negantem non est disputandum
Contra principia negantem non est disputandum is a principle of logic and law: in order to debate reasonably about a disagreement, there must be agreement about the principles or facts by which ...
Contra principia negantem non est disputandum is a principle of logic and law: in order to debate reasonably about a disagreement, there must be agreement about the principles or facts by which ...
Criteria of truth
In epistemology, criteria of truth are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims.
In epistemology, criteria of truth are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims.
Definition
A definition is a passage that explains the meaning of a term (a word, phrase or other set of symbols), or a type of thing.
A definition is a passage that explains the meaning of a term (a word, phrase or other set of symbols), or a type of thing.
Deontic logic
Deontic logic is the field of logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts.
Deontic logic is the field of logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts.
Description
Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along with exposition, argumentation, and narration.
Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along with exposition, argumentation, and narration.
Entailment
In logic, entailment is a relation between a set of sentences and a sentence.
In logic, entailment is a relation between a set of sentences and a sentence.
Entitative graph
An entitative graph]] is an element of the diagrammatic syntax for logic that Charles Sanders Peirce developed under the name of qualitative logic beginning in the 1880's, taking the cove...
An entitative graph]] is an element of the diagrammatic syntax for logic that Charles Sanders Peirce developed under the name of qualitative logic beginning in the 1880's, taking the cove...
Eternal statement
An eternal statement is a statement whose token instances all have the same truth value.
An eternal statement is a statement whose token instances all have the same truth value.
European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information
The European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI) is an annual academic conference organized by the European Association for Logic, Language and Information.
The European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI) is an annual academic conference organized by the European Association for Logic, Language and Information.
Existential graph
An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, and continued to dev...
An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, and continued to dev...
Fitch-style calculus
Fitch-style calculus, also known as Fitch diagrams (named after Frederic Fitch), is a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic.
Fitch-style calculus, also known as Fitch diagrams (named after Frederic Fitch), is a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic.
Formal fallacy
In philosophy, a formal fallacy is a pattern of reasoning that is always wrong.
In philosophy, a formal fallacy is a pattern of reasoning that is always wrong.
Game semantics
Game semantics (dialogische Logik) is an approach to formal semantics that grounds the concepts of truth or validity on game-theoretic concepts, such as the existence of a winning strategy for a...
Game semantics (dialogische Logik) is an approach to formal semantics that grounds the concepts of truth or validity on game-theoretic concepts, such as the existence of a winning strategy for a...
Geometry of interaction
The Geometry of Interaction (GoI) was introduced by Jean-Yves Girard shortly after his work on Linear Logic.
The Geometry of Interaction (GoI) was introduced by Jean-Yves Girard shortly after his work on Linear Logic.
Gilles-Gaston Granger
Gilles Gaston Granger (b. January 28, 1920 in Paris, France), is an analytic philosopher.
Gilles Gaston Granger (b. January 28, 1920 in Paris, France), is an analytic philosopher.
Identity (philosophy)
In philosophy, identity, from identitas, is the relation each thing bears just to itself.
In philosophy, identity, from identitas, is the relation each thing bears just to itself.
Immutable truth
In philosophy and logic, an immutable truth is an unchanging universal fact or reality that is not influenced by human opinion.
In philosophy and logic, an immutable truth is an unchanging universal fact or reality that is not influenced by human opinion.
Independence-friendly logic
Independence-friendly logic (IF logic), proposed by Jaakko Hintikka and Gabriel Sandu, aims at being a more natural and intuitive alternative to classical first-order logic (FOL).
Independence-friendly logic (IF logic), proposed by Jaakko Hintikka and Gabriel Sandu, aims at being a more natural and intuitive alternative to classical first-order logic (FOL).
Informal fallacy
An informal fallacy is an argument whose stated premises fail to support their proposed conclusion.
An informal fallacy is an argument whose stated premises fail to support their proposed conclusion.
Inquiry
An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem.
An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem.
Intensional logic
Intensional logic is an approach to predicate logic that extends first-order logic, which has quantifiers that range over the individuals of a universe, by additional quantifiers that range over...
Intensional logic is an approach to predicate logic that extends first-order logic, which has quantifiers that range over the individuals of a universe, by additional quantifiers that range over...
Intentional Logic
Intentional Logic: A Logic Based on Philosophical Realism is a book by Henry Babcock Veatch published in 1952.
Intentional Logic: A Logic Based on Philosophical Realism is a book by Henry Babcock Veatch published in 1952.
Ivan Orlov
Orlov, Ivan Efimovich (October 1 (old style) 1886 Galich, Kostroma district Russia – 1936) was a philosopher, a forerunner of relevant and other substructural logics, and an industrial chemist.
Orlov, Ivan Efimovich (October 1 (old style) 1886 Galich, Kostroma district Russia – 1936) was a philosopher, a forerunner of relevant and other substructural logics, and an industrial chemist.
Kripke semantics
Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics, and often confused with possible world semantics) is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems creat...
Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics, and often confused with possible world semantics) is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems creat...
Logical quality
In many philosophies of logic statements are categorized into different logical qualities based on how they go about saying what they say.
In many philosophies of logic statements are categorized into different logical qualities based on how they go about saying what they say.
Logical truth
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic, and there are different theories on its nature.
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic, and there are different theories on its nature.
Main contention
Topics
Topics
Material conditional
The material conditional, (also known as material implication) is a logical binary compound using a logical connective often symbolized by a forward arrow "→", and often simply called a co...
The material conditional, (also known as material implication) is a logical binary compound using a logical connective often symbolized by a forward arrow "→", and often simply called a co...
Meaning (linguistics)
In linguistics, meaning is what is intended to be expressed by the writer or speaker of a message or communication, and what is conveyed to the reader or listener.
In linguistics, meaning is what is intended to be expressed by the writer or speaker of a message or communication, and what is conveyed to the reader or listener.
Meaning (non-linguistic)
A non-linguistic meaning is an actual or possible derivation from sentience, which is not associated with signs that have any original or primary intent of communication.
A non-linguistic meaning is an actual or possible derivation from sentience, which is not associated with signs that have any original or primary intent of communication.
Meaning (philosophy of language)
The nature of meaning, its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas.
The nature of meaning, its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas.
Modal logic
Modal logic is a type of formal logic primarily developed in the 1960s that extends classical propositional and predicate logic to include operators expressing modality.
Modal logic is a type of formal logic primarily developed in the 1960s that extends classical propositional and predicate logic to include operators expressing modality.
Name A name is a word or term used for identification.
Natural language
In the philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is any language which arises in an unpremeditated fashion as the result of the innate facility for language possess...
In the philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is any language which arises in an unpremeditated fashion as the result of the innate facility for language possess...
Nominal identity
Nominal identity is a term used to differentiate between what is identity in name only and what is the experience of that identity.
Nominal identity is a term used to differentiate between what is identity in name only and what is the experience of that identity.
Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic
The Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic was an international journal of philosophy started in May 1996.
The Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic was an international journal of philosophy started in May 1996.
Paraconsistent logic
A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way.
A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way.
Paradox
A paradox is a statement or group of statements that lead to a contradiction or a situation which defies logic or reason, similar to circular reasoning.
A paradox is a statement or group of statements that lead to a contradiction or a situation which defies logic or reason, similar to circular reasoning.
Pars destruens/pars construens
Pars destruens/pars construens (lat.) is in common parlace about different parts of an argumentation.
Pars destruens/pars construens (lat.) is in common parlace about different parts of an argumentation.
Parsimony
Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available.
Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available.
Philosophical logic
Philosophical logic is a term introduced by Bertrand Russell to represent his idea that the workings of natural language and thought can only be adequately represented by an artificial language;...
Philosophical logic is a term introduced by Bertrand Russell to represent his idea that the workings of natural language and thought can only be adequately represented by an artificial language;...
Philosophy of logic
* Philosophy of logic is the arena of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic.
* Philosophy of logic is the arena of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic.
Problem of future contingents
Future contingent propositions (or simply, future contingents) are statements about states of affairs in the future that are neither necessarily true nor necessarily false.
Future contingent propositions (or simply, future contingents) are statements about states of affairs in the future that are neither necessarily true nor necessarily false.
Problem of induction
The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether inductive reasoning leads to knowledge.
The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether inductive reasoning leads to knowledge.
Process of elimination
Process of elimination is a method to identify an entity of interest among several ones by excluding all other entities.
Process of elimination is a method to identify an entity of interest among several ones by excluding all other entities.
Proof-theoretic semantics
Proof-theoretic semantics is an approach to the semantics of logic that attempts to locate the meaning of propositions and logical connectives not in terms of interpretations, as in Tarskian app...
Proof-theoretic semantics is an approach to the semantics of logic that attempts to locate the meaning of propositions and logical connectives not in terms of interpretations, as in Tarskian app...
Rationality
In philosophy, rationality is the exercise of reason.
In philosophy, rationality is the exercise of reason.
Reference
Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.
Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.
Rigour
Rigour or rigor has a number of meanings in relation to intellectual life and discourse.
Rigour or rigor has a number of meanings in relation to intellectual life and discourse.
Salva congruitate
Salva conguitate is a Latin scholastic term in logic which means that two terms may be substituted for each other while preserving the truth value and grammaticality in all contexts.
Salva conguitate is a Latin scholastic term in logic which means that two terms may be substituted for each other while preserving the truth value and grammaticality in all contexts.
Sense and reference
Sinn and bedeutung are usually translated, respectively, as sense and reference.
Sinn and bedeutung are usually translated, respectively, as sense and reference.
Slingshot argument
In logic, a slingshot argument is one of a group of arguments claiming to show that all true sentences stand for the same thing.
In logic, a slingshot argument is one of a group of arguments claiming to show that all true sentences stand for the same thing.
State of affairs (philosophy)
In philosophy, a state of affairs, or (also known as) a situation, is a way the actual world must be in order to make some given proposition about the actual world true; in other words...
In philosophy, a state of affairs, or (also known as) a situation, is a way the actual world must be in order to make some given proposition about the actual world true; in other words...
Strict conditional
In philosophy, logic, and mathematics, a strict conditional is a proposition of the form "If p, then q," where p and q are propositions.
In philosophy, logic, and mathematics, a strict conditional is a proposition of the form "If p, then q," where p and q are propositions.
T-schema
The T-schema or truth schema (not to be confused with 'Convention T') is used to give an inductive definition of truth which lies at the heart of any realisation of Alfred Tarski's semantic theo...
The T-schema or truth schema (not to be confused with 'Convention T') is used to give an inductive definition of truth which lies at the heart of any realisation of Alfred Tarski's semantic theo...
Temporal parts
Temporal parts are a concept used in contemporary metaphysics in the debate over the persistence of material objects.
Temporal parts are a concept used in contemporary metaphysics in the debate over the persistence of material objects.
Term logic
In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic or aristotelian logic, is a loose name for the way of doing logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the...
In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic or aristotelian logic, is a loose name for the way of doing logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the...
Theorem
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and previously accepted statements, such as axioms.
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and previously accepted statements, such as axioms.
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Latin for "Logical-Philosophical Treatise") is the only book-length philosophical work published by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his li...
The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Latin for "Logical-Philosophical Treatise") is the only book-length philosophical work published by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his li...
Transparent Intensional Logic
Transparent Intensional Logic (frequently abbreviated as TIL) is a logical system created by Pavel Tichý.
Transparent Intensional Logic (frequently abbreviated as TIL) is a logical system created by Pavel Tichý.
Truth-bearer
Truthbearer is a term used to designate entities that are either true or false and nothing else.
Truthbearer is a term used to designate entities that are either true or false and nothing else.
Truthbearer
Truthbearer is a term used to designate entities that are either true or false and nothing else.
Truthbearer is a term used to designate entities that are either true or false and nothing else.
Vicious circle principle
The vicious circle principle is a principle that was endorsed by many predicativist mathematicians in the early 20th century to prevent contradictions.
The vicious circle principle is a principle that was endorsed by many predicativist mathematicians in the early 20th century to prevent contradictions.
Word sense
In linguistics, a word sense is one of the meanings of a word.
In linguistics, a word sense is one of the meanings of a word.