SettingsPhilosophy of science
Action theory (philosophy)
Action theory is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing intentional human bodily movements of more or less complex kind.
Action theory is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing intentional human bodily movements of more or less complex kind.
Actor-network theory
Actor–network theory, often abbreviated as ANT, is a distinctive approach to social theory and research which originated in the field of science studies.
Actor–network theory, often abbreviated as ANT, is a distinctive approach to social theory and research which originated in the field of science studies.
Androcentrism
Androcentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history.
Androcentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of one's view of the world and its culture and history.
Anecdotal evidence
The expression anecdotal evidence refers to evidence that may be true but cherry-picked or otherwise unrepresentative of typical cases.
The expression anecdotal evidence refers to evidence that may be true but cherry-picked or otherwise unrepresentative of typical cases.
Antipositivism
Antipositivism is the view in social science that the social realm may not be subject to the same methods of investigation as the natural world; that academics must reject empiricism and the sci...
Antipositivism is the view in social science that the social realm may not be subject to the same methods of investigation as the natural world; that academics must reject empiricism and the sci...
Antireductionism
Antireductionism is a reaction against reductionism, which instead advocates holism.
Antireductionism is a reaction against reductionism, which instead advocates holism.
Antiscience
Antiscience is a position that rejects science and the scientific method.
Antiscience is a position that rejects science and the scientific method.
Applied science
Applied science is the application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment.
Applied science is the application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment.
Bayesian probability
Bayesian probability is one of the different interpretations of the concept of probability and belongs to the category of evidential probabilities.
Bayesian probability is one of the different interpretations of the concept of probability and belongs to the category of evidential probabilities.
Berlin Circle
The Berlin Circle was a group that maintained logical empiricist views about philosophy.
The Berlin Circle was a group that maintained logical empiricist views about philosophy.
Biofact (philosophy)
In philosophy, sociology and the arts, the word "biofact" is a hybrid between an artifact and living being, or between concepts of nature and technology.
In philosophy, sociology and the arts, the word "biofact" is a hybrid between an artifact and living being, or between concepts of nature and technology.
Biological determinism
Biological determinism (also biologism) is the interpretation of humans and human life from a strictly biological point of view, and it is closely related to genetic determinism.
Biological determinism (also biologism) is the interpretation of humans and human life from a strictly biological point of view, and it is closely related to genetic determinism.
Blue skies research
Blue skies research (also called blue sky science) is scientific research in domains where "real-world" applications are not immediately apparent.
Blue skies research (also called blue sky science) is scientific research in domains where "real-world" applications are not immediately apparent.
Boundary-work
In science studies, boundary-work comprises instances in which boundaries, demarcations, or other divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced.
In science studies, boundary-work comprises instances in which boundaries, demarcations, or other divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced.
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science is a philosophy journal that encourages the use of philosophical methods in addressing issues raised in the natural and human sciences.
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science is a philosophy journal that encourages the use of philosophical methods in addressing issues raised in the natural and human sciences.
British Society for the Philosophy of Science
The British Society for the Philosophy of Science (BSPS) is a philosophical society based in England whose purpose is to promote the study of philosophy of science.
The British Society for the Philosophy of Science (BSPS) is a philosophical society based in England whose purpose is to promote the study of philosophy of science.
Carnap-Ramsey sentences
In philosophy, Carnap-Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content.
In philosophy, Carnap-Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content.
Carnap–Ramsey sentences
In philosophy, Carnap-Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content.
In philosophy, Carnap-Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content.
Caroline Joan S. Picart
Caroline Joan (Kay) Picart is an author, artist, DanceSport athlete, and radio host and producer.
Caroline Joan (Kay) Picart is an author, artist, DanceSport athlete, and radio host and producer.
Cartesian anxiety
Cartesian anxiety refers to the notion that, ever since René Descartes promulgated his highly influential form of body-mind dualism, Western civilization has suffered from a longing for ontologi...
Cartesian anxiety refers to the notion that, ever since René Descartes promulgated his highly influential form of body-mind dualism, Western civilization has suffered from a longing for ontologi...
Cartesian doubt
Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes.
Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes.
Causality
Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event, where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first.
Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event, where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first.
Cemal Yildirim
Cemal Yıldırım (1925 – 2009) was a Turkish philosopher, author, educator, and researcher.
Cemal Yıldırım (1925 – 2009) was a Turkish philosopher, author, educator, and researcher.
Center for Philosophy of Science
The Center for Philosophy of Science is an academic center located at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania dedicated to research in the philosophy of science.
The Center for Philosophy of Science is an academic center located at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania dedicated to research in the philosophy of science.
Centre for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Leeds
The Centre for History and Philosophy of Science is a research institution devoted to the historical and philosophical study of science and technology, based in the Department of Philosophy, at ...
The Centre for History and Philosophy of Science is a research institution devoted to the historical and philosophical study of science and technology, based in the Department of Philosophy, at ...
Ceteris paribus
Ceteris paribus or caeteris paribus is a Latin phrase, literally translated as "with other things the same," or "all other things being equal or held constant."
Ceteris paribus or caeteris paribus is a Latin phrase, literally translated as "with other things the same," or "all other things being equal or held constant."
Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce ( like "purse"; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Charles Sanders Peirce ( like "purse"; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography
This Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography consolidates numerous references to Charles Sanders Peirce's writings, including letters, manuscripts, publications, and Nachlass.
This Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography consolidates numerous references to Charles Sanders Peirce's writings, including letters, manuscripts, publications, and Nachlass.
Classical limit
The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters.
The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters.
Classification of the sciences (Peirce)
Philosophers have done little work on classification of the sciences and mathematics since Peirce's time.
Philosophers have done little work on classification of the sciences and mathematics since Peirce's time.
Closed circle
A closed circle argument is one that is unfalsifiable.
A closed circle argument is one that is unfalsifiable.
Cognitive closure (philosophy)
Cognitive closure refers to the possibility that certain problems cannot be explained by the human mind.
Cognitive closure refers to the possibility that certain problems cannot be explained by the human mind.
Computational epistemology
Computational epistemology is a subdiscipline of formal epistemology that studies the intrinsic complexity of inductive problems for ideal and computationally bounded agents.
Computational epistemology is a subdiscipline of formal epistemology that studies the intrinsic complexity of inductive problems for ideal and computationally bounded agents.
Condition of possibility
Condition of possibility (Bedingungen der Möglichkeit) is a philosophical concept made popular by Immanuel Kant.
Condition of possibility (Bedingungen der Möglichkeit) is a philosophical concept made popular by Immanuel Kant.
Confirmation holism
Confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism is the claim that a single scientific theory cannot be tested in isolation; a test of one theory always depends on other theories and ...
Confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism is the claim that a single scientific theory cannot be tested in isolation; a test of one theory always depends on other theories and ...
Consilience
Consilience, or the unity of knowledge (literally a "jumping together" of knowledge), is the principle that calculating a result by two different methods should lead to the same answer.
Consilience, or the unity of knowledge (literally a "jumping together" of knowledge), is the principle that calculating a result by two different methods should lead to the same answer.
Construct (philosophy of science)
A construct in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind.
A construct in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind.
Constructive realism
Constructive realism is a branch of philosophy, specifically the philosophy of science.
Constructive realism is a branch of philosophy, specifically the philosophy of science.
Content theory
Content theory explains why human needs change with time.
Content theory explains why human needs change with time.
Cooking (science)
In scientific culture, cooking is a term for falsifying data or selectively deleting data in an attempt to prove a hypothesis.
In scientific culture, cooking is a term for falsifying data or selectively deleting data in an attempt to prove a hypothesis.
Coordinative definition
A coordinative definition is a postulate which assigns a partial meaning to the theoretical terms of a scientific theory by correlating the mathematical objects of the pure or formal/syntac...
A coordinative definition is a postulate which assigns a partial meaning to the theoretical terms of a scientific theory by correlating the mathematical objects of the pure or formal/syntac...
Copernican principle
In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.
In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.
Correspondence principle
In physics, the correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers.
In physics, the correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers.
Corroborating evidence
Corroborating evidence is evidence that tends to support a proposition that is already supported by some evidence, therefore confirming the proposition.
Corroborating evidence is evidence that tends to support a proposition that is already supported by some evidence, therefore confirming the proposition.
Decline effect
The decline effect may occur when scientific claims receive decreasing support over time.
The decline effect may occur when scientific claims receive decreasing support over time.
Deductive-nomological model
The deductive-nomological model is a formalized view of scientific explanation in natural language.
The deductive-nomological model is a formalized view of scientific explanation in natural language.
Demarcation problem
The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is about how and where to draw the lines around science.
The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is about how and where to draw the lines around science.
Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge
The Department of History and Philosophy of Science (HPS), of the University of Cambridge is the largest department of History and Philosophy of Science in the United Kingdom.
The Department of History and Philosophy of Science (HPS), of the University of Cambridge is the largest department of History and Philosophy of Science in the United Kingdom.
Descriptive science
The term descriptive science is used to identify a category of science and distinguish it from other categories of science.
The term descriptive science is used to identify a category of science and distinguish it from other categories of science.
Determinism
Determinism is a philosophy stating that for everything that happens there are conditions such that, given them, nothing else could happen.
Determinism is a philosophy stating that for everything that happens there are conditions such that, given them, nothing else could happen.
Doctrine of signatures
The doctrine of signatures is a philosophy shared by herbalists from the time of Dioscurides and Galen.
The doctrine of signatures is a philosophy shared by herbalists from the time of Dioscurides and Galen.
Doxa
Doxa (δόξα) is a Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion, from which are derived the modern terms of orthodoxy and heterodoxy.
Doxa (δόξα) is a Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion, from which are derived the modern terms of orthodoxy and heterodoxy.
Duhem-Quine thesis
The Duhem–Quine thesis (also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine) is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because ...
The Duhem–Quine thesis (also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine) is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because ...
Duhem–Quine thesis
The Duhem–Quine thesis (also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine) is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because ...
The Duhem–Quine thesis (also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine) is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because ...
Economics of scientific knowledge
The economics of scientific knowledge is an approach to understanding science which is predicated on the need to understand scientific knowledge creation and dissemination in economic terms.
The economics of scientific knowledge is an approach to understanding science which is predicated on the need to understand scientific knowledge creation and dissemination in economic terms.
Empirical limits in science
In philosophy of science the empirical limits of science define problems with observation, and thus are limits of human ability to inquire and answer questions about phenomena.
In philosophy of science the empirical limits of science define problems with observation, and thus are limits of human ability to inquire and answer questions about phenomena.
Endophysics
Endophysics literally means “physics from within”.
Endophysics literally means “physics from within”.
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, ...
Engineering is the discipline, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, ...
Entity realism
Entity realism is a philosophical position within the debate about scientific realism.
Entity realism is a philosophical position within the debate about scientific realism.
Episteme
Episteme, as distinguished from techne, is etymologically derived from the Greek word ἐπιστήμη for knowledge or science, which comes from the verb ἐπίσταμαι, "to know".
Episteme, as distinguished from techne, is etymologically derived from the Greek word ἐπιστήμη for knowledge or science, which comes from the verb ἐπίσταμαι, "to know".
Epistemic culture
epistemic culture is term used to distinguish between various settings of knowledge production and emphasize the its contextual aspects.
epistemic culture is term used to distinguish between various settings of knowledge production and emphasize the its contextual aspects.
Epistemological anarchism
Epistemological anarchism is an epistemological theory advanced by Austrian philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend which holds that there are no useful and exception-free methodological rules go...
Epistemological anarchism is an epistemological theory advanced by Austrian philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend which holds that there are no useful and exception-free methodological rules go...
Epistemological rupture
Epistemological rupture, or epistemological break, is an influential notion introduced by French philosopher Gaston Bachelard.
Epistemological rupture, or epistemological break, is an influential notion introduced by French philosopher Gaston Bachelard.
Etiology
Etiology is the study of causation, or origination.
Etiology is the study of causation, or origination.
Exemplar
Exemplar, in the sense developed by philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn, is a well known usage of a scientific theory.
Exemplar, in the sense developed by philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn, is a well known usage of a scientific theory.
Experience
Experience as a general concept comprises knowledge of or skill in or observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event.
Experience as a general concept comprises knowledge of or skill in or observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event.
Experimental system
In scientific research, an experimental system is the physical, technical and procedural basis for an experiment or series of experiments.
In scientific research, an experimental system is the physical, technical and procedural basis for an experiment or series of experiments.
Explanandum
An explanandum is a phenomenon that needs to be explained and its explanans is the explanation of that phenomenon.
An explanandum is a phenomenon that needs to be explained and its explanans is the explanation of that phenomenon.
Explanatory gap
The explanatory gap is the lack of an explanation for consciousness and human experiences such as qualia under physicalism.
The explanatory gap is the lack of an explanation for consciousness and human experiences such as qualia under physicalism.
Explanatory power
One theory is sometimes said to have more explanatory power than another theory about the same subject matter if it offers greater Predictive power.
One theory is sometimes said to have more explanatory power than another theory about the same subject matter if it offers greater Predictive power.
Eyewitness testimony
Research in eyewitness testimony is mostly considered a subfield within legal psychology, however it is a field with very broad implications.
Research in eyewitness testimony is mostly considered a subfield within legal psychology, however it is a field with very broad implications.
Fact
A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually the case.
A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually the case.
Fallibilism
Fallibilism (from medieval Latin fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the...
Fallibilism (from medieval Latin fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the...
Falsifiability
Falsifiability or refutability of an assertion, hypothesis or theory is the logical possibility that it can be contradicted by an observation or the outcome of a physical experiment.
Falsifiability or refutability of an assertion, hypothesis or theory is the logical possibility that it can be contradicted by an observation or the outcome of a physical experiment.
Fecundity
Fecundity, derived from the word fecund, generally refers to the ability to reproduce.
Fecundity, derived from the word fecund, generally refers to the ability to reproduce.
Folk science
Folk science describes ways of understanding and predicting the natural and social world, without the use of rigorous methodologies (see Scientific method).
Folk science describes ways of understanding and predicting the natural and social world, without the use of rigorous methodologies (see Scientific method).
Foundations of Science
Foundations of Science is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal focussing on methodological and philosophical topics concerning the structure and the growth of science.
Foundations of Science is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal focussing on methodological and philosophical topics concerning the structure and the growth of science.
Foundations of statistics
Foundations of statistics is the usual name for the epistemological debate in statistics over how one should conduct inductive inference from data.
Foundations of statistics is the usual name for the epistemological debate in statistics over how one should conduct inductive inference from data.
Free parameter
A free parameter is a variable used in a mathematical model and for scientific modelling which allows adjustments so the models can provide helpful insights.
A free parameter is a variable used in a mathematical model and for scientific modelling which allows adjustments so the models can provide helpful insights.
Functional contextualism
Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism.
Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism.
Fundamental science
Fundamental science (or basic science, pure science) is science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may b...
Fundamental science (or basic science, pure science) is science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may b...
Genidentity
The concept of genidentity, introduced by Kurt Lewin in his 1922 Habilitationsschrift "Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte" is today perhaps the only surviving ...
The concept of genidentity, introduced by Kurt Lewin in his 1922 Habilitationsschrift "Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte" is today perhaps the only surviving ...
Global Perspectives on Science and Spirituality
The Global Perspectives on Science and Spirituality programme (GPSS) is a research initiative jointly managed by the Interdisciplinary University of Paris (France) and Elon University (USA) with...
The Global Perspectives on Science and Spirituality programme (GPSS) is a research initiative jointly managed by the Interdisciplinary University of Paris (France) and Elon University (USA) with...
God of the gaps
God of the gaps is a type of theological perspective in which gaps in scientific knowledge are taken to be evidence or proof of God's existence.
God of the gaps is a type of theological perspective in which gaps in scientific knowledge are taken to be evidence or proof of God's existence.
Greedy reductionism
Greedy reductionism is a term coined by Daniel Dennett, in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, to refer to a kind of erroneous reductionism.
Greedy reductionism is a term coined by Daniel Dennett, in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, to refer to a kind of erroneous reductionism.
Hard and soft science
Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms often used when comparing scientific fields of academic research or scholarship, with hard meaning perceived as being more scientif...
Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms often used when comparing scientific fields of academic research or scholarship, with hard meaning perceived as being more scientif...
Historiography of science
The historiography of science is thus the study of the history and methodology of the sub-discipline of history, known as the history of science, including its disciplinary aspects and practic...
The historiography of science is thus the study of the history and methodology of the sub-discipline of history, known as the history of science, including its disciplinary aspects and practic...
History and philosophy of science
The history and philosophy of science (HPS) is an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the history of science.
The history and philosophy of science (HPS) is an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the history of science.
Holism
Holism (from holos, a Greek word meaning all, whole, entire, total), is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, ...
Holism (from holos, a Greek word meaning all, whole, entire, total), is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, ...
Human Biocomputer
The Human Biocomputer coined by John C. Lilly, refers literally to the "hardware" of the human anatomy.
The Human Biocomputer coined by John C. Lilly, refers literally to the "hardware" of the human anatomy.
Human biocomputer
The term human biocomputer, coined by John C. Lilly, refers literally to the "hardware" of the human anatomy.
The term human biocomputer, coined by John C. Lilly, refers literally to the "hardware" of the human anatomy.
Humanistic naturalism
Humanistic naturalism is the branch of philosophical naturalism wherein human beings are best able to control and understand the world through use of the scientific method.
Humanistic naturalism is the branch of philosophical naturalism wherein human beings are best able to control and understand the world through use of the scientific method.
Hypothetico-deductive model
The hypothetico-deductive model or method, first so-named by William Whewell, is a proposed description of scientific method.
The hypothetico-deductive model or method, first so-named by William Whewell, is a proposed description of scientific method.
Idealization
Idealization is the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false.
Idealization is the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false.
Ignoramus et ignorabimus
The Latin maxim ignoramus et ignorabimus, meaning "we do not know and will not know", stood for a position on the limits of scientific knowledge, in the thought of the nineteenth century.
The Latin maxim ignoramus et ignorabimus, meaning "we do not know and will not know", stood for a position on the limits of scientific knowledge, in the thought of the nineteenth century.
Impact assessment
Impact assessment is "a process aimed at structuring and supporting the development of policies.
Impact assessment is "a process aimed at structuring and supporting the development of policies.
Impact evaluation
Impact evaluation assesses the changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention, such as a project, program or policy, both the intended ones, as well as ideally the unintended ones.
Impact evaluation assesses the changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention, such as a project, program or policy, both the intended ones, as well as ideally the unintended ones.
Indeterminacy (philosophy)
Indeterminacy, in philosophy, can refer both to common scientific and mathematical concepts of uncertainty and their implications and to another kind of indeterminacy deriving from the nature of...
Indeterminacy, in philosophy, can refer both to common scientific and mathematical concepts of uncertainty and their implications and to another kind of indeterminacy deriving from the nature of...
Infinity (philosophy)
In philosophy, infinity can be attributed to infinite dimensions, as for instance in Kant's first antinomy.
In philosophy, infinity can be attributed to infinite dimensions, as for instance in Kant's first antinomy.
Inquiry
An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem.
An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem.
Instrumentalism
In the philosophy of science, instrumentalism is the view that a scientific theory is a useful instrument in understanding the world.
In the philosophy of science, instrumentalism is the view that a scientific theory is a useful instrument in understanding the world.
Interconnectivity
Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as cybernetics, biology, ecology, network theory, and non-linear dynamics.
Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as cybernetics, biology, ecology, network theory, and non-linear dynamics.
International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science
The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) is a philosophical organization for promoting the study of the history of philosophy of science.
The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) is a philosophical organization for promoting the study of the history of philosophy of science.
International Union of History and Philosophy of Science
The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science is one of the members of the International Council for Science.
The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science is one of the members of the International Council for Science.
Intersubjective verifiability
Intersubjective verifiability is the capacity of a concept to be readily and accurately communicated between different individuals, and to be reproduced under varying circumstances for the purpo...
Intersubjective verifiability is the capacity of a concept to be readily and accurately communicated between different individuals, and to be reproduced under varying circumstances for the purpo...
Intertheoretic reduction
In philosophy of science, intertheoretic reduction occurs when one theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a second theory.
In philosophy of science, intertheoretic reduction occurs when one theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a second theory.
Introspection
Introspection is the self-examination of one's conscious thoughts and feelings.
Introspection is the self-examination of one's conscious thoughts and feelings.
Islamic bioethics
Islamic bioethics, or Islamic medical ethics, (Arabic: الأخلاق الطبية al-akhlaq al-tibbiyyah) refers to Islamic guidance on ethical or moral issues relating to medical and scientific fields, in ...
Islamic bioethics, or Islamic medical ethics, (Arabic: الأخلاق الطبية al-akhlaq al-tibbiyyah) refers to Islamic guidance on ethical or moral issues relating to medical and scientific fields, in ...
Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law
The Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law (JPSL) is an interdisciplinary academic journal dedicated to examining issues in the intersection of applied philosophy, science, and the law.
The Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law (JPSL) is an interdisciplinary academic journal dedicated to examining issues in the intersection of applied philosophy, science, and the law.
Lakatos Award
The Lakatos Award is given annually for a contribution to the philosophy of science which is widely interpreted as outstanding.
The Lakatos Award is given annually for a contribution to the philosophy of science which is widely interpreted as outstanding.
Law (principle)
The term law is often used to refer to universal principles that describe the fundamental nature of something, to universal properties and relationships between things, or to descriptions th...
The term law is often used to refer to universal principles that describe the fundamental nature of something, to universal properties and relationships between things, or to descriptions th...
Lie-to-children
A lie-to-children, sometimes referred to as a Wittgenstein's ladder (see below), is an expression that describes the simplification of technical or difficult-to-understand material for con...
A lie-to-children, sometimes referred to as a Wittgenstein's ladder (see below), is an expression that describes the simplification of technical or difficult-to-understand material for con...
Logical positivism
Logical positivism is a philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge—with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logic...
Logical positivism is a philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge—with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logic...
Medawar Lecture
The Medawar Lecture was an annual lecture on the philosophy of science organised by the Royal Society of London in memory of Sir Peter Medawar.
The Medawar Lecture was an annual lecture on the philosophy of science organised by the Royal Society of London in memory of Sir Peter Medawar.
Mediocrity principle
The mediocrity principle is the notion in philosophy of science that there is nothing special about humans or the Earth.
The mediocrity principle is the notion in philosophy of science that there is nothing special about humans or the Earth.
Metaphysical naturalism
Metaphysical naturalism, also called ontological naturalism and philosophical naturalism is a strong belief in naturalism, a worldview with a philosophical aspect which holds that t...
Metaphysical naturalism, also called ontological naturalism and philosophical naturalism is a strong belief in naturalism, a worldview with a philosophical aspect which holds that t...
Methodical culturalism
Methodical culturalism is a philosophical approach developed by Peter Janich and his pupils.
Methodical culturalism is a philosophical approach developed by Peter Janich and his pupils.
Models of scientific inquiry
In the philosophy of science, models of scientific inquiry have two functions: first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, and second, to pr...
In the philosophy of science, models of scientific inquiry have two functions: first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, and second, to pr...
Naturalism (philosophy)
Naturalism commonly refers to the viewpoint that laws of nature operate in the universe, and that nothing exists beyond the natural universe or, if it does, it does not affect the natural universe.
Naturalism commonly refers to the viewpoint that laws of nature operate in the universe, and that nothing exists beyond the natural universe or, if it does, it does not affect the natural universe.
Nature (philosophy)
Nature is a concept with two major sets of inter-related meanings, referring on the one hand to the things which are natural, or subject to the normal working of "laws of nature", or on the othe...
Nature is a concept with two major sets of inter-related meanings, referring on the one hand to the things which are natural, or subject to the normal working of "laws of nature", or on the othe...
Naïve physics
Naïve physics or folk physics is the untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena.
Naïve physics or folk physics is the untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena.
Neurathian bootstrap
Neurath's boat is a simile used in anti-foundational accounts of knowledge, especially in the philosophy of science, which was first formulated by Otto Neurath.
Neurath's boat is a simile used in anti-foundational accounts of knowledge, especially in the philosophy of science, which was first formulated by Otto Neurath.
Neurophilosophy
Neurophilosophy or philosophy of neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy.
Neurophilosophy or philosophy of neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy.
Neutrality (philosophy)
Neutrality is the absence of declared bias.
Neutrality is the absence of declared bias.
Normal conditions
Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments, especially in epistemology, in order to avoid objections perceived as digressive.
Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments, especially in epistemology, in order to avoid objections perceived as digressive.
Normal science
Normal Science is a concept originated by Thomas Samuel Kuhn and elaborated in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Normal Science is a concept originated by Thomas Samuel Kuhn and elaborated in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Normative science
In the applied sciences, normative science is a type of information that is developed, presented, or interpreted based on an assumed, usually unstated, preference for a particular policy or clas...
In the applied sciences, normative science is a type of information that is developed, presented, or interpreted based on an assumed, usually unstated, preference for a particular policy or clas...
Not even wrong
An argument that appears to be scientific is said to be "not even wrong" if it cannot be falsified (i.e., tested with the possibility of being rejected) by experiment or cannot be used to make ...
An argument that appears to be scientific is said to be "not even wrong" if it cannot be falsified (i.e., tested with the possibility of being rejected) by experiment or cannot be used to make ...
Objectivity (frame invariance)
The concept of objectivity in science means that qualitative and quantitative descriptions of physical phenomena remain unchanged when the phenomena are observed under a variety of conditions.
The concept of objectivity in science means that qualitative and quantitative descriptions of physical phenomena remain unchanged when the phenomena are observed under a variety of conditions.
Objectivity (philosophy)
Objectivity is both a central and elusive philosophical category.
Objectivity is both a central and elusive philosophical category.
Objectivity (science)
Objectivity in science is often attributed with the property of scientific measurement that can be tested independent from the individual scientist who proposes them.
Objectivity in science is often attributed with the property of scientific measurement that can be tested independent from the individual scientist who proposes them.
Observation
Observation is either an activity of a living being, such as a human, consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using scientific instruments.
Observation is either an activity of a living being, such as a human, consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using scientific instruments.
Observational science
An observational science is a science where it is not possible to construct controlled experiments in the area under study.
An observational science is a science where it is not possible to construct controlled experiments in the area under study.
Ontic
In philosophy, ontic is physical, real or factual existence.
In philosophy, ontic is physical, real or factual existence.
Organicism
Organicism is the philosophical perspective which views the universe and its parts as organic wholes and - either by analogy or literally - as living organisms.
Organicism is the philosophical perspective which views the universe and its parts as organic wholes and - either by analogy or literally - as living organisms.
Oscar Kempthorne
Oscar Kempthorne (1911–2000) was a statistician and geneticist known for his research on randomization-analysis and the design of experiments, which had wide influence on research in agric...
Oscar Kempthorne (1911–2000) was a statistician and geneticist known for his research on randomization-analysis and the design of experiments, which had wide influence on research in agric...
Overdetermination
Overdetermination, the idea that a single observed effect is determined by multiple causes at once (any one of which alone might be enough to account for the effect), was originally a key concep...
Overdetermination, the idea that a single observed effect is determined by multiple causes at once (any one of which alone might be enough to account for the effect), was originally a key concep...
Paradigm
In science, paradigm describes distinct concepts or thought patterns in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context.
In science, paradigm describes distinct concepts or thought patterns in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context.
Paradigm shift
A Paradigm shift is, according to Thomas Kuhn in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, within the ruling theory of sc...
A Paradigm shift is, according to Thomas Kuhn in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, within the ruling theory of sc...
Parsimony
Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available.
Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available.
Pessimistic induction
In the philosophy of science, the pessimistic induction, also known as the pessimistic meta-induction, is an argument which seeks to rebut scientific realism, particularly the scientific ...
In the philosophy of science, the pessimistic induction, also known as the pessimistic meta-induction, is an argument which seeks to rebut scientific realism, particularly the scientific ...
Phenomenology (science)
The term phenomenology in science is used to describe a body of knowledge that relates empirical observations of phenomena to each other, in a way that is consistent with fundamental theory,...
The term phenomenology in science is used to describe a body of knowledge that relates empirical observations of phenomena to each other, in a way that is consistent with fundamental theory,...
Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
PAICS is the research group for Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England.
PAICS is the research group for Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England.
Philosophy of chemistry
The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry.
The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry.
Philosophy of engineering
The philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do and how their work impacts on society.
The philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do and how their work impacts on society.
Philosophy of geography
Philosophy of Geography is that subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and axiological issues in geography.
Philosophy of Geography is that subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and axiological issues in geography.
Philosophy of physics
In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact.
In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact.
Philosophy of psychology
Philosophy of psychology refers to issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology.
Philosophy of psychology refers to issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology.
Philosophy of science
The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science.
The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science.
Philosophy of Science Association
The Philosophy of Science Association (PSA) is an academic organization which promotes further studies and free discussion from diverse standpoints in the field of philosophy of science.
The Philosophy of Science Association (PSA) is an academic organization which promotes further studies and free discussion from diverse standpoints in the field of philosophy of science.
Philosophy of social science
The philosophy of social science is the study of the logic and method of the social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology and political science.
The philosophy of social science is the study of the logic and method of the social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology and political science.
Philosophy of statistics
The philosophy of statistics involves the meaning, justification, utility, use and abuse of statistics and its methodology, and ethical and epistemological issues involved in the consideration o...
The philosophy of statistics involves the meaning, justification, utility, use and abuse of statistics and its methodology, and ethical and epistemological issues involved in the consideration o...
Philosophy of technology
The philosophy of technology is a philosophical field dedicated to studying the nature of technology and its social effects.
The philosophy of technology is a philosophical field dedicated to studying the nature of technology and its social effects.
Physical law
A physical law or scientific law is "a theoretical principle deduced from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the statement that a par...
A physical law or scientific law is "a theoretical principle deduced from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the statement that a par...
Physics (Aristotle)
The Physics of Aristotle is one of the foundational books of Western science and philosophy.
The Physics of Aristotle is one of the foundational books of Western science and philosophy.
Physics envy
In science, the term physics envy is used to criticize a tendency of "soft sciences" and liberal arts to try to obtain mathematical expressions of their fundamental concepts, as an attempt to mo...
In science, the term physics envy is used to criticize a tendency of "soft sciences" and liberal arts to try to obtain mathematical expressions of their fundamental concepts, as an attempt to mo...
Positivism
Positivism refers to a set of epistemological perspectives and philosophies of science which hold that the scientific method is the best approach to uncovering the processes by which both physic...
Positivism refers to a set of epistemological perspectives and philosophies of science which hold that the scientific method is the best approach to uncovering the processes by which both physic...
Predictive power
The predictive power of a scientific theory refers to its ability to generate testable predictions.
The predictive power of a scientific theory refers to its ability to generate testable predictions.
Preformationism
In the history of biology, preformationism is either the specific contention that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, animalcules, o...
In the history of biology, preformationism is either the specific contention that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, animalcules, o...
Preternatural
The preternatural or praeternatural is that which appears outside or beside (Latin præter) the natural.
The preternatural or praeternatural is that which appears outside or beside (Latin præter) the natural.
Problem of induction
The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether inductive reasoning leads to knowledge.
The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether inductive reasoning leads to knowledge.
Process theory
Process theory is a commonly used form of scientific research study in which events or occurrences are said to be the result of certain input states leading to a certain outcome state, following...
Process theory is a commonly used form of scientific research study in which events or occurrences are said to be the result of certain input states leading to a certain outcome state, following...
Pseudorationalism
Pseudorationalism describes beliefs and stances that present themselves as rational but are in fact unscientific.
Pseudorationalism describes beliefs and stances that present themselves as rational but are in fact unscientific.
Pseudoskepticism
Pseudoskepticism refers to arguments which use scientific-sounding language to disparage or refute given beliefs, theories, or claims, but which in fact fail to follow the precepts of convention...
Pseudoskepticism refers to arguments which use scientific-sounding language to disparage or refute given beliefs, theories, or claims, but which in fact fail to follow the precepts of convention...
Psychology of science
The psychology of science is a branch of the studies of science that includes philosophy of science, history of science, and sociology of science or sociology of scientific knowledge.
The psychology of science is a branch of the studies of science that includes philosophy of science, history of science, and sociology of science or sociology of scientific knowledge.
Quasi-empirical method
Quasi-empirical methods are applied in science and in mathematics.
Quasi-empirical methods are applied in science and in mathematics.
Ramsey sentences
In philosophy, Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content.
In philosophy, Ramsey sentences refer to an attempt by logical positivist philosopher Rudolf Carnap to reconstruct theoretical propositions such that they gained empirical content.
Ramsey-Lewis method
The Ramsey–Lewis method is a method for defining terms found in theoretical frameworks (such as in scientific theories), credited to Frank P. Ramsey and David Lewis.
The Ramsey–Lewis method is a method for defining terms found in theoretical frameworks (such as in scientific theories), credited to Frank P. Ramsey and David Lewis.
Ramsey–Lewis method
The Ramsey–Lewis method is a method for defining terms found in theoretical frameworks (such as in scientific theories), credited to Frank P. Ramsey and David Lewis.
The Ramsey–Lewis method is a method for defining terms found in theoretical frameworks (such as in scientific theories), credited to Frank P. Ramsey and David Lewis.
Reconstructive observation
The term reconstructive observation has been coined by the German sociologist Thomas Loer and the German innovation adviser Armin Moehrle.
The term reconstructive observation has been coined by the German sociologist Thomas Loer and the German innovation adviser Armin Moehrle.
Reductionism
Reductionism can mean either an approach to understanding the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental things or a philosop...
Reductionism can mean either an approach to understanding the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental things or a philosop...
Relationship between religion and science
The relationship between religion and science has been a focus of the demarcation problem.
The relationship between religion and science has been a focus of the demarcation problem.
Reproducibility
Reproducibility is the ability of an experiment or study to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently.
Reproducibility is the ability of an experiment or study to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently.
Revisionary materialism
Revisionary materialism is the view that falls between Eliminative materialism and Reductive materialism when it comes to a particular psychological phenomenon.
Revisionary materialism is the view that falls between Eliminative materialism and Reductive materialism when it comes to a particular psychological phenomenon.
Rhetoric of science
Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity.
Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity.
Role of chance in scientific discoveries
The role of chance in science, or luck in science, describes the ways that unexpected discoveries are made.
The role of chance in science, or luck in science, describes the ways that unexpected discoveries are made.
Science studies
Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in a broad social, historical, and philosophical context.
Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in a broad social, historical, and philosophical context.
Scientific community
The scientific community is the network of scientists.
The scientific community is the network of scientists.
Scientific community metaphor
In computer science, the Scientific Community Metaphor is a metaphor used to aid understanding scientific communities.
In computer science, the Scientific Community Metaphor is a metaphor used to aid understanding scientific communities.
Scientific essentialism
Scientific essentialism, a view espoused by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam, maintains that there exist essential properties that objects possess (or instantiate) necessarily.
Scientific essentialism, a view espoused by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam, maintains that there exist essential properties that objects possess (or instantiate) necessarily.
Scientific law
A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observation that describes some aspect of the world.
A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observation that describes some aspect of the world.
Scientific skepticism
Scientific skepticism is the practice of questioning whether claims are supported by empirical research and have reproducibility, as part of a methodological norm pursuing "the extension of cert...
Scientific skepticism is the practice of questioning whether claims are supported by empirical research and have reproducibility, as part of a methodological norm pursuing "the extension of cert...
Scientific temper
Scientific temper describes an attitude which involves the application of logic and the avoidance of bias and preconceived notions.
Scientific temper describes an attitude which involves the application of logic and the avoidance of bias and preconceived notions.
Scientific theory
A scientific theory is a set of principles that explain and predict phenomena.
A scientific theory is a set of principles that explain and predict phenomena.
Simple (philosophy)
In contemporary mereology, a simple is any thing that has no proper parts.
In contemporary mereology, a simple is any thing that has no proper parts.
Situational analysis
Situational analysis is a concept advanced by Popper in his The Poverty of Historicism.
Situational analysis is a concept advanced by Popper in his The Poverty of Historicism.
Skepticism
Skepticism or scepticism has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims tha...
Skepticism or scepticism has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims tha...
Social epistemology
Social epistemology is a broad set of approaches to the study of knowledge, all of which construe human knowledge as a collective achievement.
Social epistemology is a broad set of approaches to the study of knowledge, all of which construe human knowledge as a collective achievement.
Sociology of scientific knowledge
The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing with "the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structu...
The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing with "the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structu...
Special sciences
The special sciences are those sciences other than physics that are sometimes thought to be reducible to physics, or to stand in some similar relation of dependence to physics as the "fundam...
The special sciences are those sciences other than physics that are sometimes thought to be reducible to physics, or to stand in some similar relation of dependence to physics as the "fundam...
Stage theory
Stage theories are based on the idea that elements in systems move through a pattern of distinct stages over time and that these stages can be described based on their distinguishing characteristics.
Stage theories are based on the idea that elements in systems move through a pattern of distinct stages over time and that these stages can be described based on their distinguishing characteristics.
Statistical inference
In statistics, statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from data subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation.
In statistics, statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from data subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation.
Subjectivity
The term Subjectivity has no definition accepted by everyone.
The term Subjectivity has no definition accepted by everyone.
Testability
Testability, a property applying to an empirical hypothesis, involves two components: the logical property that is variously described as contingency, defeasibility, or falsifiability, which mea...
Testability, a property applying to an empirical hypothesis, involves two components: the logical property that is variously described as contingency, defeasibility, or falsifiability, which mea...
The central science
Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and e...
Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and e...
The Rutherford Journal
The Rutherford Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the history and philosophy of science and technology.
The Rutherford Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the history and philosophy of science and technology.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences is the title of an article published in 1960 by the physicist Eugene Wigner.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences is the title of an article published in 1960 by the physicist Eugene Wigner.
Theory
The English word theory was derived from a technical term in philosophy in Ancient Greek.
The English word theory was derived from a technical term in philosophy in Ancient Greek.
Thomas L. Short
Thomas Lloyd Short is a published philosopher of science, teleology, semeiotics, and conceptual change, specializing in the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce.
Thomas Lloyd Short is a published philosopher of science, teleology, semeiotics, and conceptual change, specializing in the philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce.
Trial and error
Trial and error, or trial by error, is an experimental method of problem solving, repair, tuning, or obtaining knowledge.
Trial and error, or trial by error, is an experimental method of problem solving, repair, tuning, or obtaining knowledge.
Truth by consensus
In philosophy, truth by consensus is the process of taking statements to be true simply because people generally agree upon them.
In philosophy, truth by consensus is the process of taking statements to be true simply because people generally agree upon them.
Two-stage model of free will
A two-stage model of free will separates the free stage from the will stage.
A two-stage model of free will separates the free stage from the will stage.
Uncomfortable science
Uncomfortable science is the term coined by statistician John Tukey for cases in which there is a need to draw an inference from a limited sample of data, where further samples influenced by the...
Uncomfortable science is the term coined by statistician John Tukey for cases in which there is a need to draw an inference from a limited sample of data, where further samples influenced by the...
Underdetermination
Underdetermination, again under different labels, arises in the modern period in the work of René Descartes.
Underdetermination, again under different labels, arises in the modern period in the work of René Descartes.
Unity of science
The unity of science is a thesis in philosophy of science that says that all the sciences form a unified whole.
The unity of science is a thesis in philosophy of science that says that all the sciences form a unified whole.
Universal science
Universal science is a branch of Metaphysics.
Universal science is a branch of Metaphysics.
Universology
Universology literally means "the science of the universe."
Universology literally means "the science of the universe."
Validity (statistics)
In science and statistics, validity has no single agreed definition but generally refers to the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to...
In science and statistics, validity has no single agreed definition but generally refers to the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to...
Vienna Circle
The Vienna Circle was an association of philosophers gathered around the University of Vienna in 1922, chaired by Moritz Schlick, also known as the Ernst Mach Society in honour of Ernst Mach.
The Vienna Circle was an association of philosophers gathered around the University of Vienna in 1922, chaired by Moritz Schlick, also known as the Ernst Mach Society in honour of Ernst Mach.
What Darwin Got Wrong
What Darwin Got Wrong is a book by philosopher Jerry Fodor and cognitive scientist Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, critical of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.
What Darwin Got Wrong is a book by philosopher Jerry Fodor and cognitive scientist Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, critical of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Wholeness and the Implicate Order
According to David Bohm's theory, implicate and explicate orders have a holographic aspect: :In the enfolded or implicate
Order, space and time are no longer the dominant factors determining t...
According to David Bohm's theory, implicate and explicate orders have a holographic aspect: :In the enfolded or implicate
Order, space and time are no longer the dominant factors determining t...
Working hypothesis
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research, in the hope that, even if the hypothesis fails, the research on it may lead to a tenable theory.
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research, in the hope that, even if the hypothesis fails, the research on it may lead to a tenable theory.
Wrong
A wrong or being wrong is a concept in law, ethics, and science.
A wrong or being wrong is a concept in law, ethics, and science.
Wronger than wrong
Michael Shermer has described as "wronger than wrong" the mistake addressed in what he calls Asimov's axiom, after the noted author Isaac Asimov, who discussed the issue in his book of essays, '...
Michael Shermer has described as "wronger than wrong" the mistake addressed in what he calls Asimov's axiom, after the noted author Isaac Asimov, who discussed the issue in his book of essays, '...
Zilsel Thesis
The Zilsel thesis in the history and philosophy of science proposes an explanation for why modern science emerged in the early 17th century in Western Europe and not in other places or eras.
The Zilsel thesis in the history and philosophy of science proposes an explanation for why modern science emerged in the early 17th century in Western Europe and not in other places or eras.