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  1. Only showing results from www.penn.museum

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  2. TECHNOLOGY & COMMERCE By the 9th century BC, Etruscans had mastered mining and the working of bronze and iron. During the Archaic and Classical periods (6th through 4th centuries BC), foreign trade stimulated new technologies: goldsmithing, glassmaking, mass production of terracotta tiles and urns, and monumental stone carving.
  3. Chariot wheels had six spokes (Fig. 15a), although one fragment shows a four-spoked wheel, perhaps an indication that this is an enemy chariot. Unlike Assyrian custom of the 9th century, but similar to contemporary North Syrian ca­valry, there were no outrider horses used for the cavalry or chariots, nor are blinkers, bits, or horse armor ...
  4. These works span the entire method­ological and intellectual history of archaeology, from speculative antiquarianism to modern sci­entific investigations. Today, Zenobia's legend and her city are a vibrant part of Syria's cultural heritage and are as alive as ever. ... ranging in date from the 9th century BC to the 5th century AD. The two ...
  5. The first appearance of idols in the late 9th century B.C. and their early history in the 8th, 7th and 6th centuries B.C., a period during which Greek religion be­comes formalized in its ideology and ritual, that is of most compelling interest to us. ... the references to idols are few and are found in the works of various Greek and Roman ...
  6. 1969b "Preliminary Report on Work Carried Out During 1968 by the Hasanlu Project in Azerbaijan." ... 1971a "Hasanlu in the Ninth Century B. C. and its Relations with Other Cultural Centers of the Near East." ... ed. Bronze-Working Centres of Western Asia c. 1000-539 BC in Geoarchaeology 5 (1): 89-93. Tucker, David 1992 "A Middle Assyrian Hoard ...
  7. Finds of Cypriote-related pottery from this city suggest that the Greeks may have been introduced to the East by Cyprus, where a blend of eastern and western traditions persisted for many centuries (1, 2). There was a small local settlement at Al Mina dur­ing the ninth century, but the Greek occupation seems to have begun at about 800 B.C.
  8. Beneath extend the city wall and city gate of Levels IV III, which were probably built in the 9th century B.C. and destroyed by a conflagration during the Assyrian conquest of 701. B.C. The outer city wall and the outer city gate or bastion seem at present to have been con­structed as part of the same architectural scheme and concurrently with ...
  9. Phoenician colonial sites and cultures, especially that of Carthage, are termed Punic. Virgil's epic Aeneid places the foundation, by the queen Dido (Elissa), at the time of the Trojan War (Late Bronze Age), but archaeological activity thus far has identified a 9th-century BCE settlement that rapidly grew to become a maritime empire.
  10. A 4th century BC white ground rhyton or drinking horn (MS 2250) comes from Apulia in the southeast corner of Italy (2). Because Italian stock lines are basically untrace-able before the 17th century AD, it is hard to pinpoint the equine type's origin, but it could be either an import from the Greek mainland or from Sicily, with an admixture of
  11. One of the earliest Phrygian documents, dating to the end of the ninth or early eighth century BCE. Only at Gordion can one observe the entire chronological development of Early Phrygian epigraphy. The practice came to an end probably in the fourth century BCE with the arrival of the army of Alexander. But above all, it is the beginnings that ...
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